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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does oxidation involve?
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oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, and frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen.
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What does reduction involve?
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reduction involves a gain in electrons and frequently involves loss of oxygen or gain in hydrogen
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Draw a mitochondria as seen in electron micrographs.
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see page 76.
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what is the first stage of glycolysis
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two phosphate groups are added to a molecule of glucose to form hexose biphosphate. two molecules of ATP provide the phosphate groups. the energy level is raised by phosphorylation and makes later reactions possible.
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what is phosphorylation?
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when a phospahate group is added to something
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what is the second sage of glycolysis?
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the hexose biphosphate is split to form two molecules of triose phosphate. (lysis)
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What is lysis?
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the splitting of molecules is called lysis
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what is the thirds stage of glycolysis?
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two atoms of hydrogen are removed from each triose phosphate. (oxidation) the energy released when this happens is used to link on another phosphate group. this produces a 3-carbon compound with two phosphate groups. NAD+ is the hydrogen carrier that accepts the hydrogen atoms.
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What is the last stage of glycolysis?
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pyruvate is formed by removing the two phosphate groups and by passing them to ADP. and this results in ATP FORMATION.
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what is the krebs cycle?
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when enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondrion catalyze a cycle of reactions
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int he Krebs cycle, what accepts acetyl groups?
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a carrier called CoA (Coenzyme A) accepts acetyle (CH₃CO)
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how is acetyl CoA formed in carbohydrate metabolism?
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Carbohydrates are converted into pyruvate and the pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by a reaction that is often called the link reaction b/c it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle..
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how is acetyl CoA formed in fat metabolism?
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Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. The hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acid are broken into two-carbon fragments and oxidized to form acetyl CoA
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what two things are acetyl CoA formed from?
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fatty acids or pyruvate (see page 74)
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What is oxidative decarboxylation?
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then the pryruvate from glycolysis is absobed by the bitochondria, enzymes int he matrix remove hydrogen and carbon dioxide from the pyruvate (oxidation). and the hydrogen is accepted as NAD+. the removal of carbon dioxide is decarboxylation.
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what are the three types of reactions involved int he Krebs cycle.
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decarboxylations, oxidations and substrate-level phosphorylation.
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what is decarboxylation?
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when carbon dioxide is removed, in the Krebs cycle, this occur in two reactions as a waste product and excreted with the carbon dioxide from the link reaction.
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what is what is oxidation?
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when hydrogen is removed, in the krebs cycles this occurs in four reaction. in three of the reactions hydrogen is accepted by NAD+ and the other, oxidation, FAD accepts it. These oxidation reactions release energy, which is later released by the electron transport chain, use to make ATP
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what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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when ATP is produced directly in one of the reactions.
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what does the Krebs cycle yield after one turn?
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2 carbon dioxide
3 x NADH + H+ 1 x FADH₂ 1 x ATP |
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What is the electron transport chain?
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the electron transport chian is a series of electron carriers located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
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what is NADH's role in the electron transport chain?
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NADH supplies two elecctrons to the first carrier in the chain. the electrons come from oxidation reactions in the earlier stages of cell respiration.
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what do the two electrons from the NADH do when supplied to the first carrier?
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the two electrons pass along the chain of carriers beacuse they give up energy each time they pass from one carrier to the next.
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how is ATP made inthe electron transport chain?
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at three poins along th chain enough energy is gieven up for ATP to be made by ATP synthase. ATP production relies on energy released by oxidation (oxidative phosphorylation.
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where is ATP synthase also located?
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in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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what also give electrons into the electron transport chain?
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FADH2 -> but at a slightly later stage than NADH and atonly two stages is sufficient energy released for ATP productin by electrson from FADH2
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What is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane(into the space between the inner and outer memranes)?
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energy (ATP) released as electrons pass along the electron transport chain is used
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what is created by the movement of protons across the inner mitochindrial membrane and what does this do?
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a concentration gradient is formed, which sotres potential energy.
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waht transprot protons back across the membrane?
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ATP synthase (locaed in the inner mitochondrial membrane), down the concentration gradient.
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what happenes as protons pass pass back across the membrane?
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protons then release energy and this is used by ATP synthase to to produce ATP
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what is chemiosmosis?
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the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport via a concentration gradient of protons
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In reference to mitochondria, what is the relation ship of structure and function of the Christae.
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the Cristae are tubular of shelf-like projections of the inner membrand which increase the surace area availabel for exidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
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In reference to mitochondria, what is the relation ship of structure and function of the space between the inner and outer membranes
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the small space between the inner and outer membranes allow protons to be pumped into this space by elctron transpor chins. also, thise small space creates a high proton concentration to be easily formed in chemiosmosis
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In reference to mitochondria, what is the relation ship of structure and function of the Matrix
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The matrix is the fluid inside the mitochondrian containing enzymes fo rthe Krebs cycle and the link reaction.
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What is Acetyl CoA
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Acetyl CoA is an intermediate in charbohydrate (glucose) metabolism. CoA is a carrier that accepts acetyl groups producaed in metabolism and brings them for use inteh cycle.
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how is acetyl created in lipid metabolism?
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in lipid metabilism the oxidation of the fatty acid chains results in the formation of two-carbon atom (acetyl) gragments which then pass through the Krebs
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what is the krebs cycle?
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when enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondrion catalyse a cycle of reactions, which can only occure if oxygen is availabel and so are part of of aerobic cell respiration
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when is Acetyl CoA formed?
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in both carbohydrate and fat metabolism
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what happens in carbohydrate metabolism?
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carbohydrates are converted into pyruvate and the pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by Link Reaction because it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
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what happens in fat metabolism?
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fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. the hydrocarbob tails of the fatty acid are broken down futher into two-carbon fragments and is oxidized to corm acetyl CoA
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