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Front 1

Natural immunity

Back 1

Natural immunity is the result of infection with a pathogen (body becomes immune to measles after being infected by it)

Front 2

Artificial immunity

Back 2

Artificial immunity is the result of inoculation with a vaccine (body becomes immune to measles after being inoculated with measles vaccine)

Front 3

Active immunity

Back 3

Active immunity is due to antibodies produced by the body's own immune system following invasion of the body by pathogens (infection with rubella causes development of immunity to rubella, reinfection does not occur)

Front 4

Passive immunity

Back 4

Passive immunity is due to antibodies received from another organism which made them as a result of active immunity (during pregnancy, antibodies are passed to the baby through the placenta, the first milk produced after birth, colostrum, contains antibodies for the baby)

Front 5

When does clotting occur?

Back 5

When human tissues are injured and blood escapes from blood vessels a blood clot is formed.

Front 6

What occurs first in clotting?

Back 6

Damaged tissue cells or platelets in blood release clotting factors. The clotting factors cause several reactions to take place.

Front 7

What happens after clotting factors are released?

Back 7

One of these reactions caused by clotting factors is that prothrombin activates, producing thrombin. Thrombin changes fibrinogen so that it becomes a polypeptide. A lot of the fibrinogen is converted in this way, and the remaining polypeptide binds to form fibrin.

Front 8

How is challenge and response important to immunity?

Back 8

B-cells can produce a large amount of antibodies quickly and therefore give immunity to a certain disease. But for immunity to develop, the immune system must be challenged by the disease. This is called challenge and response.

Front 9

How is clonal selection important to immunity?

Back 9

Immune systems can make a large amount of antibodies but this is not practical. Instead, a few B-cells are produced and if the B-cell encounters a disease that it has the ability to fight, then it will multiply. This is clonal selection.

Front 10

The first step of antibody production is antigen presentation. What is this?

Back 10

Macrophages take in antigens and then process them. Antigens are then moved to the plasma membrane where they are displayed in the surface of the macrophage. This is called antigen presentation.

Front 11

The second step of antibody production is the activation of helper T-cells. What is this?

Back 11

Helper T-cells can bind to the antigens presented by macrophages. If a helper T-cell binds to the antigen, the macrophage can send a signal to the helper T-cell, causing it to go from an inactive to an active state. This is the activation of helper T-cells.

Front 12

The third and last step of antibody production is the activation if B-cells. What is this?

Back 12

B-cells have antibodies in their membrane that can bind to antigens. When an antigen binds with a B-cell, an activated T-cell can also bind to the B-cell. The T-cell sends a signal to the B-cell, causing it to activate. This is the activation of B-cells.

Front 13

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells?

Back 13

Viruses multiply within body cells, where antibodies cannot control them. Cytotoxic T-cells can detect the viruses in cells and destroy those cells. Some cancer cells can also be detected and destroyed by cytotoxic T-cells.

Front 14

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Back 14

Antigens corresponding to the desired antibody are injected into an animal. The B-cells that produce the desired antibody are taken from the animal and fused with tumor cells which can multiply endlessly. This produces cells that make the desired antibody at a very high rates. The antibodies are then extracted and used.

Front 15

What is use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of one disease?

Back 15

Monoclonal antibodies allow us to diagnose malaria. Monoclonal antibodies that bind with malaria are produced and are put in the sample containing maliarial parasites. If malaria is present, then bound antigens will be detected through the use of more monoclonal antibodies.

Front 16

What is use of monoclonal antibodies in treatment of one disease?

Back 16

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat rabies. Usually, the antibodies in the body cannot control rabies. An infected person is therefore vaccinated against rabies and injected with monoclonal antibodies at the same time. The monoclonal antibodies will control the virus until antibodies are produced by the vaccination.

Front 17

What is a vaccine?

Back 17

A vaccine contains a weakened form of the disease it is fighting. The body will make antibodies to fight the disease in the vaccine. The antibodies produced may not be enough, and sometimes a booster shot (second vaccination) is needed. This will cause memory cells to work and create antibodies to fight the disease. Memory cells will lead to long-term immunity.

Front 18

What are some benefits of vaccines?

Back 18

1) Some disease will be completely eradicated, this will reduce human suffering and lower future costs of treatment. (Smallpox has been eradicated completely)
2) Deaths due to disease can be prevented. (Measles kills many children in some places)
3) Long term disabilities due to disease can be prevented. (Pregnant women who get infected by rubella may have babies that are deaf, blind, or have heart or brain damage. Mumps can cause infertility in men)

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What are some dangers of vaccines?

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1) Many vaccinations may cause the immune system to weaken against new diseases. (Many soldiers who fought in the Gulf war felt ill since then, possibly because they received many vaccines in a short amount of time)
2) Immunity developed after vaccination may not be as strong as immunity due to catching the disease, vaccination of children could make them vulnerable as adults. (This has happened with measles)
3) Some vaccines have side effects that can cause long-term disability. (Whooping cough vaccination can cause brain damage, MMR vaccine may increase chances of autism)
4) Pregnant woman, cancer patients and other vulnerable people can be infected by people who receive live virus vaccines. (Smallpox vaccine)

Front 20

What type of immunity is this?
Temporary immunity to snake venom due to injection of anti-venom antibodies.

Back 20

Passive artificial