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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Following stress and injury to a normal cell, this Reversible Cell Injury can lead to:
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1. Normal Cell
2. Adaptation 3. Irreversible cell injury |
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What are the different ways cells adapt after injury?
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1.Hypertrophy
2.Hyperplasia 3.Atrophy 4. Metaplasia |
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What happens after irreversible injury?
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Necrosis
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Severity of injury is dependant on what?
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1. mechanism
2. intensity 3. duration |
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What is etiology?
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the mechanism of injury
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What is the mechanisms of REVERSIBLE cell injury?
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Low ATP by inhibition/disruption of aerobic respiration
Low ATP causes 1. Cellular swelling 2. acidosis 3. decreased protein synthesis |
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What is hydropic change?
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Swelling, pale cytoplasm in cells due to faulty Na+ pump
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What happens when the cell membrane is comprimised due to injury?
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Irreversible cell injury
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What is the most prominent effector of cell death?
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Necrosis as a result of increased Ca++ influx and the breakdown of mitochondria releasing free radicals
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How does the membrane get damaged during injury?
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free radicals and lysosome breakdown
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What are some examples of free radicals?
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superoxide
hydroxyl radical |
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What is cell adaptation?
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An alternative to necrosis due to a less severe but persistant stress
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What is Hypertrophy?
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increase in SIZE after injury: muscle
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What is Hyperplasia?
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Increase in NUMBER after injury:liver
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What is Atrophy?
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decrease in SIZE: muscle denervation of muscle
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What is Metaplasia?
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change in cell type/ tissue to a more efficient one: in smokers
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What is Dysplasia?
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disordered proliferation: change in size, shape and organization of tissue
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Which type of cell death causes inflamation?
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Necrosis
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What is Autolysis?
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Necrosis as a result of the cell's own enzymes
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What is heterolysis?
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neutrophils cause necrosis
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What are the types of necrosis?
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1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive 3. Pancreatic fat 4. non-enzymatic fat 5. Caseous 6. Glummatous 7. gangrenous 8. fibrinoid |
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Describe COAGULATIVE necrosis?
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due to ischemia, tissue morphology preserved, protein denaturation
*infraction |
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Describe LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis?
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enzymatic degredation, amorphous mass, *brain lesion
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Describe ENZYMATIC necrosis?
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@pancreas, active lipase destruction, dead fat cells look blue
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Describe NON-ENZYMATIC necrosis?
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trauma to adipose tissue
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Describe CASEOUS necrosis?
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crumbled cheese-like found in center of granulomas w/ pink color
*TB, fungal infections |
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Describe GLUMMATOUS necrosis?
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firm and rubbery,PINK, found in granulomas,*syphilis
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Describe COAGULATIVE necrosis?
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dry: black, dry, shriveled,*ischemia
wet:bacteria,*bowl ischemia Gas: anerobic bacteria |
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Describe FIBRINOID necrosis?
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pink homogenous material in BLOOD VESSELS, malig. hypertension, immune disorders
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What is ACUTE steatosis (fatty change)?
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parenchyma, MICROvessicular, triglycerides,*preeclampsia, Reye synd.
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What is CHRONIC steatosis (fatty change)?
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parenchyma, MACROvessicular:large lipid droplet, *diabetes, mal nutrition, obesity
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How do you produce a fatty liver i.e increase the storage of tryglycerides?
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1. Diabetes/starvation
2.Anemia/hypoxia 3.ethanol 4.protein malnutrition |
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What is an increase in adipocytes in parenchyma?
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Fatty infiltration
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What carbohydrate is involved in storage disease?
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Glycogen, *diabetes
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What are some endogenous pigments that can lead to storage disease?
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heme-derived, melanin, lipofuscin, copper
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What is hemosiderosis?
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excess iron is stored in cells
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What is hemochromatosis?
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excess iron that is absorbed and deposited in tissues causing damage
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What is a Prussian Test
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test for iron deposits...turns blue
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What unique substance is produced by malaria as it breaks down Hemeglobin?
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hemozoin
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What toxic product is created when hemoglobin is broken down in the liver,spleen, or bone marrow?
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Bilirubin accumulates in the brain
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What is lipofuscin
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brown pigment accumilated in a cell because its old
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What occurs in Wilson's disease
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accumulation of copper-->toxic
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What is edema?
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Fluid that is not returned to the capillary bed by the oncotic pressure which is then picked up by lymphatics
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What causes edema?
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hydrostatic pressure increased, oncotic pressure decreased, blocked lymphatics, inflamation
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What is transudate and exudate?
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1.transudate is non-inflamatory edema
2.Exudate....inflamatory edema |
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What is anasarca?
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extreeme systemic edema..congestive heart failure or hypoproteinemia
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Deposition of calcium in injured tissue is?
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Dystrophic calcification
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Deposition of calcium in normal tissue?
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Metastatic calcification
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What is anthracosis?
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macrophages consum particles in lungs
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What is GLUMMATOUS necrosis?
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Pink, rubbery, firm granuloma *syphilis
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What is fibrinoid necrosis?
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areas of pink homogenous material in blood vessel walls
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