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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alcohol, solvents and temazepam are examples of this type of drug.
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Depressants.
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Antibodies stay in your blood for a long time. They are ready to fight more of the same pathogens and so make you ...?
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Immune.
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Asexual reproduction produces …?
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Genetically identical individuals called clones.
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Carbohydrates like glucose give us...?
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Energy.
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Chromosomes are made up of a very long thread of a chemical called …?
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Clones have all their genes from …?
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One parent.
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DNA contains four bases known as …?
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A, T, C and G.
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DNA controls the production of …?
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Proteins.
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Give three examples of beneficial drugs.
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Antibiotics, painkillers, insulin.
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Give two examples of hard drugs.
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Heroin and cocaine.
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Give two ways in which a bacterial cell is different from an animal cell.
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A bacterial cell has a cell wall and the genes are not inside a proper nucleus.
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Gradual cooling of the body to a dangerously low temperature is called ...?
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Hypothermia.
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How are leaves adapted to absorb sunlight?
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They have a large surface area and lots of chloroplasts in the palisade layer.
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How are leaves adapted to gas exchange?
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They are thin and allow gases to diffuse in and out through pores called stomata.
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How can long and short sight be corrected?
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By lenses in glasses, contact lenses or corneal surgery.
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How do mutations affect DNA?
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They change the base sequence.
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How do stimulants and depressants affect the nervous system?
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By affecting transmission of nerve impulses across synapses.
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How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf cells?
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By diffusion.
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How does the skin react when it is cold.
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Blood vessels at the skin surface close up. Less blood flows to the skin surface. Sweating stops. The hairs stand up trapping air and cutting down heat loss.
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How does the skin react when it is hot?
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Blood vessels at the skin surface widen and more blood gets to the surface. Sweating increases.
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How does your body form a physical barrier to pathogens?
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The skin acts as a barrier, mucus in the air passages traps pathogens, the blood clots and forms a scab.
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How have some disease microbes become resistant to antibiotics?
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As a result of a gene mutation.
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How is the upper epidermis adapted for efficient photosynthesis?
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It is transparent.
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If we don’t have enough of each type of vitamin and mineral in our diet we can get a ...?
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Deficiency disease.
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In sexual reproduction half the genes come from …?
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Each parent.
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In the UK, drugs are legally classified. Which group is the most dangerous, with the heaviest penalties?
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Class A drugs.
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In which type of variation are there clear-cut differences with no in-betweens?
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Discontinuous variation.
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Insulin lowers blood sugar by changing glucose to ...?
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Glycogen.
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Leaf veins supply water and also give ...?
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Support.
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Name five of the body's control systems that rely on negative feedback
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Control of blood sugar, water content, pH, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration.
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Name four toxins substances found in tobacco smoke.
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Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and particulates.
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Name four ways in which pathogens can be spread.
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In the air, by touching, in food and water, by animals.
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Name some human characteristics thought to result from both environmental and inherited factors.
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Intelligence, body mass, height.
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Name three adaptations that neurones have to help them carry out their function.
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Long length, insulating sheath, branched endings.
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Name three key characteristics of reflex actions.
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Fast, automatic, protective.
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Name two body disorders that you have studied.
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Cancer and diabetes.
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Name two effects of tar from cigarette smoke.
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Irritation to lungs, cancer triggered ed by mutation.
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Nicotine, caffeine and ecstasy are examples of this type of drug.
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Stimulants.
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On what factors does the dosage of insulin used to treat diabetes depend?
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Diet and activity.
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Proteins are needed for...?
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Growth and repair of cells.
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Separate regions of chromosomes are called …?
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Genes.
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Term describing the passage of digested food through the gut wall into the blood.
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Absorption.
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The part of our gut that contains most acid.
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The stomach.
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These are not really proper cells. They are made up of a few genes wrapped in a protein coat.
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Viruses.
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These are sometimes put into our foods as preservatives, flavourings or colourings.
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Food additives.
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These are used as a store of energy and for insulation.
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Fats.
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These give the small intestine a greater surface area for absorption.
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Villi/folded inner surface and microvilli.
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These two components make up the central nervous system.
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The brain and spinal cord.
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These two structures focus light rays onto the retina.
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The cornea and lens.
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This helps our gut muscles to push our foods along.
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Fibre/roughage.
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This splits up fats into small droplets (emulsifies it).
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Bile.
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Too much of this type of fat can narrow our blood vessels.
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Saturated fat.
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Under what circumstances will a recessive allele show itself?
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In the homozygous state.
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Unused genes in a cell are …?
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Switched off.
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What are antibodies?
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Chemicals (proteins) made by your body that stick to the antigens on the surface of microbes.
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What are chromosomes and what do they do?
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Thread-like structures found in the nucleus. Each chromosome is a long DNA molecule that carries the genes that control characteristics.
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What are hallucinogens?
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A group of drugs that can produce sensations of false identity and distort what is seen and heard.
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What are nerve impulses?
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Electrical signals that pass along nerve pathways made up of neurones.
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What are the functions of rods and cones in the retina?
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The rods work in dim light and the cones detect colour and details.
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What are the long-term affects of alcohol abuse?
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Damage to the liver (cirrhosis) and to the brain.
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What are the most common type of performance-enhancing drug?
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Anabolic steroids.
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What are the short-term effects of alcohol on the body?
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Alcohol is a depressant which slows down reactions. If taken, in excess, it can lead to lack of self-control, unconsciousness or even coma.
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What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
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The production of thick, sticky mucus that can block the air passages and the tubes carrying digestive juices to the gut.
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What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
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Bacillus (rods), coccus (spheres), spirillum (spirals).
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What are the three main types of microbes?
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Bacteria, fungi and viruses.
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What are the two main causes of variation?
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Heredity (genes) and the environment.
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What are the upper and lower layers of leaf cells called?
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Epidermis.
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What are your five senses?
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Touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight.
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What causes many of the symptoms of diseases caused by microorganisms?
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The toxins produced.
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What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
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What do we call a change in the environment that can be detected by an organism?
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A stimulus.
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What do we call a diet with enough food and a variety of nutrients?
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A balanced diet.
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What does homeostasis mean?
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Keeping conditions constant inside the body.
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What does homozygous mean?
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Both alleles are the same.
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What does warm-blooded mean?
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Keeping the body temperature constant all the time.
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What factors can contribute to anorexia?
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Poor self-esteem, desire for perfection, poor self-image.
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What gland in the brain instructs the testes and ovaries to produce the sex hormones during puberty?
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The pituitary gland.
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What happens if we take in too much food energy or use too little energy up in exercise?
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We put on weight/become fat.
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What happens to your ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens when you view a near object?
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The ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments slacken and the lens gets fatter.
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What is a mutation?
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A change in a gene or a chromosome affecting the sequence of bases that can cause a change in a characteristic.
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What is a vaccine?
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A dead or harmless form of the disease microbe that can produce an immune response.
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What is a variegated leaf?
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A leaf with some parts white where chlorophyll is missing.
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What is an antibiotic?
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A chemical produced by a mould (fungus) that kills bacteria and can be used as a drug.
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What is continuous variation?
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When there is a range of differences that can be measured eg. height.
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What is meant by a drug?
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A chemical that affects the way in which your body works. Many drugs of abuse affect the way the nervous system works.
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What is ovulation?
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The release of an egg from the ovary.
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What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
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Antiseptics kill pathogens on living tissues and disinfectants kill pathogens on non-living surfaces.
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What is the function of glucagon?
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To raise blood sugar level by changing glycogen to glucose.
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What is the gap between two neurones called?
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A synapse.
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What is the key adaptation of the spongy mesophyll layer?
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Presence of air spaces.
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What is the study of inheritance known as?
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Genetics.
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
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Carbon dioxide + water -(chlorophyll & light)-> glucose + oxygen
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What prevents excessive water loss from the leaf surface?
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Waxy cuticle on upper epidermis.
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What sort of things can increase the rate of mutation?
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Radiation (UV light, X-rays and gamma rays) and some chemicals.
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What structures open and close stomata?
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Guard cells.
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When blood sugar is high special cells in the pancreas produce...?
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Insulin.
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Where is bile made and where is it stored?
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Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
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Which hormones do boys and girls make at adolescence?
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Testosterone in boys, oestrogen in girls.
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Which organ monitors the blood temperature?
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The brain.
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Which sex chromosomes are found in a) the male? and b) the female?
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A) male has XY b) female has XX.
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Which three types of neurone make up a reflex arc?
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Sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone.
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Which two systems let you detect changes and respond to them?
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Nervous system and hormonal endocrine system.
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Why are clinical trials carried out?
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To determine whether a new drug or treatment is safe and effective.
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Why do scientists disagree about the link between cannabis and addiction to hard drugs?
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Lack of enough reliable data. Cannabis smoking may cause psychological problems to develop and some see it as a ‘gateway’ drug to more harmful substances.
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Why is binocular vision important?
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For judging distance.
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Why is it important to maintain a constant body temperature?
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To create optimum conditions for enzyme activity.
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Why should pregnant women avoid smoking?
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Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This can deprive the foetus of oxygen and lead to a low birth mass.
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Write down the chain of events that happen when a receptor detects a stimulus.
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Stimulus-receptor-coordinator-effector-response.
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You have two genes for each characteristic. What do we call different forms of the same gene?
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Alleles.
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