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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
___ is the transfer of signals from one cell to another
Synaptic transmission
Connections b/w neurons are small wholes in the cell membrane called
gap junctions
non-rectifying aka ___ synapse
bidirectional
in mammals, most electrical synapses are
unidirectional
the narrow space in gap junction channels are formed by hemichannels or ___ on either side of the neuron
the narrow space in gap junction channels are formed by hemichannels or connexon on either side of the neuron.
in electrical synapse, transmission of info is always
excitatory
gap-junction opener:
trimethylamine
gap-junction closer:
carbenoxolone
Gap junctions are ___ in response to a seizure, even in the distant cortex
gap junctions are increased
Charot-Marie-Tooth disease aka (2)
- HMSN Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy or Peroneal Muscular Atrophy
Charot-Marie-Tooth disease is a ___ inherited disorder of nerves
heterogeneous inherited
In Peroneal Muscular Atrophy, demyelination is caused by:
demyelination in peroneal muscular atrophy is caused by mutation in one of the connexin genes expressed in the Schwann cells.
Because the connexin fails to fom functional gap channels in Charot-Marie-Tooth disease...
there is loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, primarily in the feet and legs but also in the arms and hands
T/F there is no continuity b/w the cytoplasm of the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron.
True.
In chemical transmission, neurons are separated by fluid-filled gaps called
synaptic cleft
identify the synapse:

postsynaptic membrane is on a dendrite of antoher neuro.
axodendritic synapse
identify the synapse:

postsynaptic membrane is on the cell body (soma) of another neuron.
axosomatic synaptse
identify the synapse:

postsynaptic membrane is on the axon of another synapse.
axoaxomic synapse
identify the synapse:

some specialized neurons have dendrites that form synapse with each other.
dendodendritic synapse
identify the synapse:

pre- and postsynaptic terminal membranes have similar thickness; usually ____.
symmetric synapse, usually inhibitory
identify the synapse:

postsynaptic membrane is usually thicker than presynaptic membrane; usually ____.
asymmetrical synapse, usually excitatory
If a vesicle is being transported on dyenin, what type of transport is this?
Retrograde
If a vesicle is being transported on kineisin, what type of transport?
Anterograde
What type of calcium channel is opened when there is a local depolarization at the axon terminal? Voltage, chemical, or mechanically gated?
Voltage-- Voltage Gated Calcium Gates.
A calcium channel blocker is...
Cadmium
presynaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release:
- Synaptotagmin

- Synaptophysin

-Syntaxin

- SNAP-25

- Synaptobrevin
State the order of neurotransmitter from endosome to exocytosis
1) buds off endosome
2) transmitter loading
3 docking
4) priming
5) fusion
Excitatory Postsyntaptic Potentials (EPSP) cause ___ & ___ ion channels to open
EPSPs cause Na+ and K+ channels to open.

*more Na+ will move in than K+ b/c of electrical and concentration gradient
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) open __ and__ channels I
IPSPs open Cl- and K+ channels, Cl- moves into the cell, K+ moves out.

*due to concentration gradient, not electrical
EPSPs and IPSPs are ___ potentials
Graded potentials
this type of summation occurs when multiple synapses in nearby locations are stimulated simultaneously
spatial summation
this type of summation occurs when the same channel is repeatedly opened
temporal summation
State 3 ways a neurotransmitter is deactivated:
- degradation
- reuptake
- autoreceptors
A drug classified as an agonist...
will enhance or stimulate a neurotransmitter's actions
A drug classified as an antagonist...
will block receptors and inactivating them, usually by taking up the space but without specifically causing the opening of the channel or operation of hte secondary messenger.
Direct binding to a postsynaptic receptor...
allows ions to pass through the membrane.
a receptor that accepts neurotransmitters as "keys" are called
ionotropic receptor
neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors:
- Ach, glutamate (Na+/K+), GABA, and glycine (Cl-)
indirect binding to a postsynaptic receptor...
the binding of neurotransmitter to the receptor causes the release of a molecule, called a secondary messenger, that indirectly activates nearby ion channels
a __ receptor releases secondary messengers that indirectly activate nearby ion channels
metabotropic receptor
the most common type of postsynaptic receptor is __ , they leave long-lasting effects
metabotropic receptors
the cells bodies of motor neurons are located in the ___ horn of the spinal cord
Ventral horn = cell bodies of motor neurons
Ach receptors are ___ receptors
Ach receptors = Nicotenic cholinergic receptors
The excitatory effect that Ach causes at the junctional folds is called
End plate Potential (EPP)
The release of Ach is inactivated by the enzyme ____ present in the basement membrane of the end plate.
acetylcholinesterase (AChesterase)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder which affects the nerve-muscle junction by:
attacking presynaptic Ca2+ channels
symptoms of Lambert-Eaton-Myasthenic Syndrom include:
muscle weakness in the upper legs and upper arms, a tingling sensation is also felt in the affected area
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which there is "severe muscle weakness" it is when:
there is a reduced number of funtional nicotinic Ach receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the motor-end-plate
symptoms of myasthenia gravis include:
- droopy eyelids, eye muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing
women usually develop myasthenia gravis:

and men at:
at age 20-40

men: 50-70
botulism is caused by:
botulinum toxin, produced by clostridium botulinum
botulinum functions by:
blocking motor nerves' ability to release Ach and flaccid paralysis occurs