Axial Skeleton

Front 1

axial skeleton (trunk to head)

Back 1

consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body:

• Skull bones
• auditory ossicles (ear bones)
• hyoid bone (Thorax)
• ribs (Thorax)
• sternum (breast bone)
• bones of the vertebral column
  

Front 2

appendicular skeleton ( outside of the trunk)

Back 2

• consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities)
  
• the bonesforming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

Made up of

1. pectoral girdle
2. Upper and lower limb
3. Pelvic girdle

Front 3

Long bones

Back 3

greater in length than in width and are often slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing.

Examples:

• femur (thigh bone)
• tibia & fibula (leg bones)

• humerus (arm bone)
• ulnar & radius (forearm bones)

• metacarpals
• metatarsals
• phalanges ( finger and toe)
  

Front 4

Short bones

Back 4

• (cube-shaped) include the carpals & tarsals.

• ankles and wrists

Front 5

Flat bones

Back 5

• thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.

• They include the cranial bones, ribs, sternum scapulae, and clavicles
• Protect the brain, thorax, breast bone
  

Front 6

Irregular bone

Back 6

complex shapes like the vertebrae and some facial bones

Front 7

Sesamoid bones

Back 7

• protect tendons from excessive tear due to friction, tension, and stress

Example:

• The best example is the patella

Seamoid bones can develop fractures.

Front 8

Another name for Sutural bones?

Back 8

• Wormian bones
  
• are small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones.
  
• Mostly in the back center of the cranial bone where all the parietal bone and occipital bone meat.
  

Front 9

The two major types of surface markings

Back 9

• Depressions and openings

Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Form joints

• Processes

Projections out growths that form joints .

Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons.

Front 10

spinous process ( vertebra)

(Processes)

Back 10

slender projection from a vertebrae. The tail of the vertabrae

Front 11

foramen (Vertebra)

(depressions and Openings)

Back 11

• an opening in the bone through which blood vessels and/or nerves pass. The wholes like the vertabra columns

• cervical region to the sacrum, each vertebra has a large central hole, or vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord can travel
• Protect the spinal cord
  

Front 12

condyle (Processes that forms joints)

Back 12

• bony process is large, round, and articular
• humerus are theTrochlea and the Capitulum
  
• Are located in the point of the elbow

Front 13

meatus ( depressions and opening)

Back 13

• a tube-like canal

Example the external auditory (In the cranial temple, is like a whole )

Front 14

What is the purpose of the cranial?

Back 14

• Supports and protects the brain and special sense organs

small cavities of the skull:

• Nasal cavity
• Orbits (eye sockets)
• Paranasal sinuses

Other functions

• Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium
• Attachment of muscles that move various parts of the head
  

Front 15

What are the skull's two grouped categories?

Back 15

• Cranial bones
  
• Facial bones

Front 16

suture (“seam”)

Back 16

• an immovable joint between bones of the skull

The three different parts:

• Coronal suture( Frontal bone and Parietal bone)
• Squamous suture (Temple bone and Parietal bone)
• Lambdiodal suture (occipital bone and Parietal bone )

Front 17

Fontanels (“little fountains”)

Back 17

• mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in babies.
  
• they will become suture joints in adults.
  

Front 18

Paranasal sinuses features

Back 18

paranasal sinuses are prominent features of the

• frontal bone
• ethmoid bone
• sphenoid bone
• maxillary
• Drain mucus form the nasal and help with talking & singing

Front 19

ethmoid sinuses ( paired)

Back 19

• They are lined with mucusmembranes that humidify the air.
• Reduce weight in the skull
• Help to resonate the sound of our voice

Front 20

vertebrae

Back 20

• A body (weight bearing)
• pedicle and lamina forming the vertebral arch(surrounds the spinal cord)
• Several processes (points of attachment for muscles)

Front 21

intervertebral disc

Back 21

• annulus fibrosus intervertebral disc
  
• It functions to absorb vertical shock and form joints which are strong yet still permit movement of the spine.
  

Front 22

vertebral foramen

Back 22

vertebra has a large central hole which allow the spinal cord to travel down the vertebrates.

Front 23

intervertebral foremen

Back 23

• segmental level, on both the right and left sides of the vertebra are holes which allow the exiting spinal nerves.
  

Front 24

Vertebral column regions

Back 24

• 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region labeled C1-C7 .
• There are 12 thoracic vertebrae that articulate with the ribs (T1-T12)
• There are 5 lumbar vertebrae that support the lower back labeled L1-L5 .
• The sacrum and coccyx are single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae.
  

Front 25

How many curves as a babe to an adult?

Back 25

Adults have 3 more curves than babes.

• a babe has 1 large vertebra curve
  
• an adult contains 4 curves in its spinal cord
  

Front 26

cervical vertebrae

Back 26

• located the the C1-C7 of the neck
• C1 called Atlas

Holds up the head ( Titan of Greek mythology supported the world)

provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck

• C2 called Axis provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck

• give the neck its range of motion
  

Front 27

thoracic vertebrae

Back 27

• There are 12 thoracic vertebrae that articulate with the ribs (T1-T12)
• articulate with a rib to form the posterior
  

Front 28

lumbar vertebrae

Back 28

• There are 5 lumbar vertebrae that support the lower back labeled L1-L5 .
• bear greater loads
• Much shorter than the Cervical and thoracic vertebre
  

Front 29

sacrum

Back 29

• single triangular body formed from a fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero
• the middle part of the vertebrae tail
  

Front 30

coccyx

Back 30

• commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the bony spine.
• 3-5 separate vertebrae

Front 31

thoracic cage

Back 31

formed from:The sternum, the ribs and costal cartilages

Front 32

enclose and protect

Back 32

thoracic and abdominal cavities:

• Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
  
• Play a role in breathing

Front 33

Frontal Bone (1)

(cranial bone)

Back 33

• Cronal Suture ( Frontal and Patiertal bone)
• Supraorbitral ( Depression and Opening)
• Forms the forhead
  

Front 34

Parietal Bone (2)

(Cranial bone)

Back 34

Sagittal suture (connects the two parietal bone)

Front 35

Temporal Bone (2)

(Cranial Bone)

Back 35

Squamous (Patieral and temporal bone)

• Zygomatic process (touch the cheek bone)
• Mandibular fossa ( the pop you get when you youn)

• Auditory Meatus ( canal like hole)
• Mastoid Process ( move head from side to side)
• Styloid process( controls the vioce sound)
  

Front 36

Occipital Bone (1)
(Cranial Bone)

Back 36

• Lambdoid Suture ( Occiptal bone and Patrietal bone)
• Magnum Foramen( hole witch allow brain stem to connect to the spin)
• External Occipital Protuberance ( pumb of the back of the head)
• Occiptal Condyles (Gives "yes" motion to head & connects to the C1 of vertebra)
  

Front 37

Spheniod bone (1)
(Cranial Bone)

Back 37

• keystone bone ( touches all bone)
• Sella turcica ( home of the Pratuitare gland)
  

Front 38

Epthmoid bone (1)

(Cranial Bone)

Back 38

• Crista Galli (ancher for the brain onto the ethmoid bone)
• Cribriform plate (sense of pass through) CN1
• olfactory
  

Front 39

Nasal Bone (1)

(Facial Bone)

Back 39

• no features
• Located in the nose which makes up the bridge to elastic cartilage
  

Front 40

Maxillae Bone (2)

(Facial Bone)

Back 40

• Infraorbital foramen ( Black eyes occur if it pops)

Depressions and opening

• Incisive foramen ( Cause brain freeze)

Front 41

Zygomatic Bone (2) cheek bone
(Facial Bone)

Back 41

• Temporal process+ zygomaitc proccess= Zygomatic arch ( Determines bite strength)
• determines species
  

Front 42

Lacrimal Bone (2)

(Facial Bone)

Back 42

Lacrimal Fossa ( tear duct)

Front 43

Palatin Bone (2)

(Facial Bone)

Back 43

• roof of the mouth
• located back of the mouth
  

Front 44

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
(Facial Bone)

Back 44

• no feature
• epthmoid bone is where its located
• Has Superior Nasal conchue
  

Front 45

Vomer (1)

(Facial Bone)

Back 45

• No features
• divide the Nasal into left and right
  

Front 46

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
(Facial Bone)

Back 46

• no features
• epthmoid bone is where its located
• Has Superior Nasal conchue
  

Front 47

What are the 4 curves of the vertebrae?

Back 47

Cervical (1-7)

Thoracic (1-12)

Lumbar (1-5)

Sacrum and Coccyx

Front 48

Cervical vertebrae

Back 48

• C(1-7)
• C1 Altas the head rest on the vertebra and allows the "yes" motion
• C2 Axis allows head movement of "no"

(feature)

Front 49

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 49

• T(1-12)
• Posterior to thoracic cavity
• All the ribs= 24

• T(1-7) are true ribs

• T(8-12) are false ribs
  

Front 50

Sturnum

(In Thoracic vertebrae)

Back 50

Made of three parts:

• The body small bone on top of the sturnum
• Manubrium the long bone of the sturnum
• Xiiphoid process cartilage beneath the Manubrium
• (feature) spraternal notch aka Juglar notch controls the voice. Located on very top of the sturnum

Front 51

Lumber vertebrae

Back 51

• L(1-5)
• Thickest bone because all of the upper weight being applied on it.
• If Internal vertebra disc explodes can cause a homeoid

Front 52

Sacrum 1

Back 52

• 5 Fused sacral vertebrae
  
• forms the rear portion of pelvic girdle
  
• (Feature) Saral Hatus: gap end of sacrum site for "epidural block" during labor
  

Front 53

Coccyx

Back 53

"Tailbone" made of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

Front 54

What type of disorders are their for the vertebrae?

Back 54

• Kyphosis

The thoracic is build extremely backed out of its normal alignment

• Hordosis

The lumber bone is to inward

• Scoliosis

The thoracic and lumber become more of to the side.

Front 55

Hyoid Bone

Back 55

• allows you to talk, eat and breath
  
• is a process
  

Front 56

Cribriform Plate

(foramina)

Back 56

Cribriform Plate- CN I, Olfactory

Front 57

Optic foramen

Back 57

CN II, Optic

Front 58

Superior Orbital fissure

Back 58

CN III, IV, V1, VI

Front 59

Foramen Rotundum

Back 59

CN V2, maxillary

Front 60

Foramen Ovale

Back 60

CN V3, mandibular

Front 61

Internal Auditory Meatus

Back 61

CN VII,VIII

Front 62

Jugular foramen

Back 62

CN IX, X, XI, internal jugular vein

Front 63

Hypoglossal canal

Back 63

• CNXII, Hypoglossal
  
• (Edges of Foramen Magnum)