Axial Skeleton

Front 1

axial skeleton

Back 1

80 bones
SKULL
cranial-8, facial-14, bones associated with skull-7
VERTIBRAL COLUMN
vertebrae-24, sacrum, coccyx
THORACIC CAGE
ribs-24, sternum

Front 2

skull

Back 2

Protects brain and guards entrances to digestive and respiratory system.
cranium-8 bones
face-14 bones
auditory ossicles-6
hyoid bone-1

Front 3

cranim (braincase)

Back 3

Enclose the cranial cavity.

occipital bone, frontal bone,
sphenoid, ethmoid, paired parietal and temporal bones

Front 4

facial bones

Back 4

SUPERFICIAL
-paired maxillary, lacrimal, nasal, and zygomatic bones,
-mandible
DEEP
-paired palatine bones and inferior nasal conchae
-vomer

Front 5

sinuses

Back 5

Air filled chamber within a bone. Make a bone lighter. Mucous membrane produces mucus that moistens and cleans the air.

Front 6

sutures

Back 6

Immovable joints of skull. Bones are tied firmly together with dense fibroius connective tissue.

Front 7

lambdoid suture

Back 7

Separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones.

Front 8

maxillary bones

Back 8

FUNCTION-support the upper teeth, form the inferior orbital rim, the lateral margins of external nares, upper jaw, and most of hard palate
ARTICULATIONS-frontal, ethmoid, one another, all facial bones except mandible
LANDMARKS-orbital rim, anterior nasal spine, alveolar process, palatine processes, hard palate, maxillary sinuses, nasolacrimal canal
FORAMINA-infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure

Front 9

coronal suture

Back 9

Attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones.

Front 10

sagittal suture

Back 10

Extends from the lambdoid suture to the coronal suture, between the parietal bones.

Front 11

palatine bones

Back 11

FUNCTION-forma posterior portion of hard palate and contribute to floor of orbit
ARTICULATIONS-one another, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
LANDMARKS-horizontal plate, perpendicular plate, orbital process
FORAMINA-greater and lesser palatine foramen

Front 12

squamous sutures

Back 12

On each side of the skull forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone.

Front 13

occipital bone

Back 13

FUNCTION-forms posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium
ARTICULATIONS-parietal bones, temporal bones, sphenoid, first cervical vertebra
LANDMARKS-external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, occipital condyles, inferior and superior nuchal lines, internal occipital crest, chondyloid fossa, posterior cranial fossa
FORAMINA-foramen magnum, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canals

Front 14

nasal bones

Back 14

FUNCTION-support superior portion of bridge of nose, connected to cartiliages that support distal portions of nose
ARTICULATIONS-one another, ethmoid, frontal , maxillary

Front 15

parietal bones

Back 15

FUNCTION-form port of superior and lateral surfaces of cranium
ARTICULATIONS-one another, occipital, temporal, frontal, sphenoid
LANDMARKS-superior and inferior temporal lines

Front 16

vomer

Back 16

FUNCTION-forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum
ARTICULATIONS-sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, maxillary,

Front 17

frontal bone

Back 17

FUNCTION-forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits
ARTICULATIONS-parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic
LANDMARKS-frontal squama, superior temporal line, supraorbital margin, lacrimal fossa, frontal sinuses
FORAMINA-supraorbital foramen, supraorbital notch

Front 18

temporal bones

Back 18

FUNCTION-(1)form part of the lateral walls of the cranium and the zygomatic arches(2)only articulation with mandible(3)surround and protect the sense organs of inner ear(4)attachment sites for muscles that close jaws and move head
LANDMARKS-squamous part, zygomatic process, zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous part, auditory ossicles
FORAMINA-carotid canal, foramen lacerum, external acoustic canal, stylomastoid foramen, internal acoustic canal

Front 19

sphenoid bone

Back 19

FUNCTION-forms part of the floor of cranium, unites cranial and facial bones, acts as a cross brace that strengthens sides of skull
ARTICULATIONS-ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, palatine, zygomatic, maxillary, vomer
LANDMARKS- body, sella turcica, anterior and posterior clinoid processes, hypophyseal fossa, sphenoidal sinuses, lesser wings, greater wings, sphenoidal spine, pterygoid processes
FORAMINA-optic canals, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

Front 20

inferior nasal conchae

Back 20

FUNCTION-create turbulence in air passing through nasal cavity, increase epithelial surface area
ARTICULATIONS-ethmoid, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal

Front 21

Lateral Skull

Back 21

lateral

Front 22

ethmoid bone

Back 22

FUNCTION-forms anteromedial floor of cranium, roof of nasal cavity, and part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall
ARTICULATIONS-frontal, sphenoid, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
LANDMARKS-(1)cribriform plate-crista galli(2)paired lateral masses-ethmoidal labyrinth, ethmoidal air cells, superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae(3)perpendicular plate
FORAMINA-olfactory foramina

Front 23

zygomatic bones

Back 23

FUNCTION-contribute to rim and lateral wall of the orbit, form part of zygomatic arch
ARTICULATIONS-sphenoid, frontal, temporal, maxillary
LANDMARKS-temporal process
FORAMINA-zygomaticofacial formamen

Front 24

lacrimal bones

Back 24

FUNCTION-form part of the medial wall of orbit
ARTICULATIONS-frontal, maxillary, ethmoid
LANDMARKS-lacrimal sulcus

Front 25

mandible

Back 25

FUNCTION-forms lower jaw
ARTICULATIONS-mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
LANDMARKS-body, alveolar process, mental protuberance, submandibular salivary gland, mylohyoid line, ramus, angle, condylar process, coronoid process, mandibular notch
FORAMINA-mental foramina, mandibular foramen

Front 26

hyoid bone

Back 26

FUNCTION-Supports the larynx, attachment site for muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue
ARTICULATIONS-stylohyoid ligaments connect lesser horns to styloid processes
LANDMARKS-body,greater horns,lesser horns

Front 27

anterior skull

Back 27

anterior

Front 28

inferior skull

Back 28

inferior

Front 29

orbit bones

Back 29

orbit

Front 30

superior skull
(horizontal section)

Back 30

superior