Autonomic, Motor And Sensory Nervous Sytem

Front 1

CNS
central nervous system

Back 1

Brain and spinal cord

Front 2

PNS
Peripheral Nervous sytem

Back 2

Cranial and spinal nerves
Somatic and Autonomic nervous system

Front 3

Photoreceptors

Back 3

Receptors that detect light shinning on the retina of the eye

Front 4

Mechanoreceptores

Back 4

Sensory receptor touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium and blood pressure

Front 5

Chemoreceptor

Back 5

Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical

responds to chemical levels of substances in blood
blood-glucose levels
pH levels
Sodium levels
potassium levels
calcium levels

Front 6

Osmoreceptors

Back 6

changes in osmotic pressure
blood more or less diluted

Front 7

Thermoreceptors

Back 7

Sensory receptor that detects changes in temp.

Recepters for heat and seperate receptors for cold

Front 8

Nociceptors

Back 8

Pain receptors

Front 9

First Order Neurons

Back 9

Sensory somatic receptors bring info to brainstem or spinal cord then synapses with the second order neurons

Front 10

Second Order Neurons

Back 10

Brings info from the brainstem or spinal cord to the thalamus and crosses over to opposite side @ thalamus it synapses with third order neurons

Front 11

Third order neurons

Back 11

From the thalamus to primary somatosensory area on same side

left side of brain handles info from right side of body

Front 12

Thalamus

Back 12

Major relay station-
All incoming sensory information goes to thalamus to get sorted out and may go to several other location like cerebral cortex or to send a motor response

Front 13

Sensory Neurons

Back 13

Afferent Neurons
Ascending Tracts of Spinal cord
Carry their signals to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
incoming info from dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

Some pathways are direct links to brain, others are processed as they ascend, others are processed in brain stem unconscious or involuntary like heart rate and breathing

Front 14

Intereceptors

Back 14

Branch or type or neuron that serves as relay neurons
Lots of connections with other neurons can send info in many different directions

can be chemoreceptors and respond to neurotransmitters

Monitor internal environment in blood vessels, viscera, muscles

Most sensations are not consciously perceived

Front 15

Motor neurons

Back 15

Somatic and autonomic

Front 16

Somatic motor neurons

Back 16

Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Excitatory
No stimulation=paralysis and death

Front 17

Autonomic motor neurons

Back 17

Smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

involuntary control

Excitatory or Inhibitory

No stimulation=partial function

Front 18

Somatic motor Pathways

Back 18

motor tracts are Descending
Leave spinal cord via Ventral (anterior) root

Cell bodies are in spinal cord

90% of tracts cross over (decussate)

Involve one neuron from spinal cord to effector

Axons are myelinated

Acetylcoline is ALWAYS the neurotransmitter

Front 19

Autonomic motor pathways

Back 19

2 neurons in pathway with 1 exception: 1 neuron goes to adrenal medulla (fight or flight)

involves preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons

Neurons synapse at ganglion

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are not myelineated

Front 20

Cranial nerves

Back 20

may be Sensory, Motor or Both

Front 21

Spinal nerves

Back 21

Are always mixed but have seperate roots for sensory and motor

Dorsal (posterior)=Sensory
Ventral (anterior)=Motor

Front 22

Neurotransmitters-
Parasympathetic

Back 22

Always Acetylcoline

Front 23

Neurotransmitters-
Sympathetic

Back 23

Pregangloinic: Acetylcholine

Postgangloinic: Norepinephrine
except sweat glands

Front 24

Sympathetic system:
Preganglonic neuron

Back 24

Cell body in gray matter (lateral horns) of T1-12 and L1-2 (thoracolumbar division)

Axon is part of anterior root of spinal nerve, Myelinated, Extends to Ganglion

Ganglia 2 groups:
Sympathetic trunk (organs in thorax)

Prevertebral (organs in abdomen)-digestive not fight or flight

1 exception one axon goes directly to adrenal medulla and immediatly triggers release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 25

3 possible connections at ganglion

Back 25

Axon synapses with postganlionic neuron

Axon may travel up or down to different ganglion

Axon may extend to prevertebral ganglion

Front 26

Sympathetic system
Postganglionic Neurons

Back 26

Axon extends to effector

Axons are longer in postganlionic neurons

Forms networks called Plexuses

Axons are NOT Mylinated

Release Norepinephrine at effectors

Front 27

Parasympathetic system:
Preganglionic Neurons

Back 27

Cell bodies lie in brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and in lateral gray horns of S2-4

Craniosacral division

Front 28

Parasympathetic system:
Ganglia

Back 28

Terminal ganglia on or near effector (goes directly to organ)

Preganglionic Axons are LONG

Fewer synapses between Pre and Post ganglionic neurons

Front 29

Parasympathetic system:
Vagus Nerve

Back 29

Axons are very long

carries 80% of parasympathetic output

Axons go to heart, airways, liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancrease, small and large intestines

Front 30

Parasympathetic system:
Sacral outflow

Back 30

Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Postganglionic axons extends to visceral ganglia-smooth muscle and glands of colon, ureters, urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Front 31

Acetocholine

Back 31

Cholinergic
All preganglionic neurons
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons to sweat glands

Front 32

Norepinephrine

Back 32

adrenergic
Only sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Front 33

Cholinergic

Back 33

Ach inactivated by Acetylcholinesterase

Effects are short lasting

Front 34

Nicotinic

Back 34

Always excitatory found in adrenal medulla and skeletal muscle

Front 35

Muscarinic

Back 35

Excitatory or inhibitory

Found in all parasympathetic effectors

Front 36

Adrenergic

Back 36

Found ONLY in sympathetic Postganglionic neurons

May be excitatory or inhibitory based on receptor type

receptors respond to both EPI and NOREPI

Effects are potentiated (enhanced) by hormonal release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 37

Action of Norepinephrine is ended by

Back 37

Re-uptake by releasing cell

Enzyme inactivation by catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

MonAmine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 38

Agonists

Back 38

Mimic neurotransmitter and activate receptors

Front 39

Antagonists

Back 39

block or inhibit receptors, preventing neurotransmittter from having any effect

Front 40

Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 40

Regulated by Hypothalamus and through reflex arcs

Many organs have dual innervation

Effects between two divisions tend to be opposite

Front 41

Sympathetic effects

Back 41

Response to 4 E's
Emergency
Embarassment
Exitment
Excercise

Dilate pupils
Increase heart rate, Heart contraction, and BP
Dilate airways
Constrict blood vessels to nonessetial organs: kidneys, GI tract
Dilate vessels to muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose
Mobilize nutrients: glucose and fats

Front 42

Parasympathetic Effects

Back 42

Rest and Digest

SLUDD
salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defacation

Decrease-Heart rate, airway diameter, pupil diameter

Front 43

Cranial nerve I

Back 43

Olfactory nerve
Sensory
Smell

Front 44

Cranial nerve II

Back 44

Optic nerve
Sensory
Sight

Front 45

Cranial nerve V

Back 45

Trigeminal nerve has 3 branches
Mixed-Motor and Sensory
Muscles of mastication
Sensory of face
Motor to face and muscles for chewing

Front 46

Cranial nerve X

Back 46

Vagus nerve
Mixed-Motor and Sensory
Sensory to skin, head, pharynx, motor fibers to muscles involved in speech and swallowing and motor fibers to certain salivary glands.
Also most of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

It is the main nerve of the PNS

Front 47

Sciatic Nerve

Back 47

Mixed
Motor of the posterior muscles of the thigh, posterior leg, and foot

Sensory to the posterior leg and foot