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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between the innate and adaptive immunity? |
Adaptive = B cells, T cells, Immunoglobulins, HLA Innate = Basically everything else involved in immune response e.g Phagocytes, esoniphils, basophils, mast cells. |
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Out of the WBCs subgroups - Lymphocytes, Esoniphils and Neutrophils, what type of infection does each one fight?
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Lymphocytes = Viral infections Neutrophils = Bacterial infections Esoniphils = Parasitic infection and allergy |
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What is an autoimmune disease? |
A large group of clinical disorderswhich arecharacterised by tissue or organdamage mediated through aberrantimmunologicalmechanisms which are directedagainst autoantigens |
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How common are autoimmune diseases and what sex are they more prevalent in? |
1/5 of population has Auto immune disorder 9 x more women *whilst 1/5 have disorder, not all are symptomatic* |
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What qualities does the adaptive immunity system (B cells, T cells, Immunogloulins) have that the Innate immunity does not? |
Memory - T cells and B cells can remember antigens they have seen before (whereas phagocytes, macrophages dont have memory) Specificity - Specific recognition to different antigens. The T cell receptor and immunoglobulins havespecificity for specific antigens Tolerance - the process by which the immunity is able to recognise its own self. |
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What is the role of the HLA molecules in immunity? |
HLA molecules act as a middle man. They recognise the foreign antigen, copy the look of it then present it to the T cells. Then once the T cells have been told by the HLA cells they can go off and find the foreign antigens. Basically just a messenger - although if HLA is faulty this can causes them to give T cells the wrong information and start attacking the bodies own cells. |
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What are the multifactorial aeitological causes of autoimmunity? |
Genetic link: Main cause of autoimmune disease is the inheritance of mutated HLA types Immune regulatory factors: Defective tolerance induction, Defective T (regulatory)Cells, idiotype regulation, thymic defects, defective B cells/phagocytes/antigen presenting cells/cytokines. Hormonal Factors: Infectious agents Solar radiation Drugs/chemical radiation (esp. antibiotics, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants) Nutrition/high fat diets |
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What is the pathogenesis behind auto-immunity? |
Occurs when a person with a susceptible genetic background is exposed to a particular environmental factor (e.g Virus) can trigger a disordered autoreactive immune response. |
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What type of HLA molecules are mediators in Graves disease and also Type I diabetes? |
Class 2 HLA molecules are mediators in Graves and Type I diabetes. |
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What are the different types of effector mechanisms that are involved in auto-imunity? ie. what are the different reposes? |
Cell mediated - ie. Antibody B-cell or T-cell activity Antibody mediated - antibodies can deactivate pathogens by swarming them and inactivating them Antibody mediated + Compliemnt Immune complex formation Recruitment of innatecomponents (phagocytes, cytokines,Natural Killer cells etc.) *different effector effector mechanisms and differnt combinations of effector mechanisms will act in different autoimmune disease* |
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What are HLA molecules? |
HLA - Human Leukocyte antigens are cell surface proteins that regulate the immune system. They basically detect foreign antigens, imprint there signal then go tell T-cells what to look for. (like a middle man) So if the HLA starts going faulty and detecting own bodies cells as foreign then it could trigger the T cells to attack own body = Autoimmunity |
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What type of leukocyte molecules have a strong genetic linkage with autoimmune disease? |
Genetically faulty HLA molecules are often the cause for the development of an autoimmune disease. |
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What are the two types of immune systems in the body? |
Specific and Non-specific |
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What is the difference between the bodies specific immune response and non-specific? |
Specific = Responsible for targeted response and immune memory. Involves B cells, T cells Non-Specific = responsible for generalised inflammation - mast cells, basophils, phagocytosis |
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Within the specific immune system - what are the two different types of immunity? |
Humoral & Cell-mediatied Humoral = Antibody meidated (produced by B-cells) Cell mediated = T cells and T lymphocytes |
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What are the areas of the body which if damaged are at risk of becoming tolerised to itself, they are also not at risk sites for surgery? |
Immune Privileged sites of the body - they have no blood or lymph supply and so if they are exposed to their own blood through a cut ect. then they might recognise it as non self. |
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What is the process by which infection can lead to inappropriate HLA function and expression of auto antibodies? |
Inflammation/Tissue Destruction - leads to - Release of hidden,non-tolerised autoantigens - leads to - Inappropriate expression of class II HLA molecule - leads to - Detection of antigens on the site of bodies own tissue - auto antigens |
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What is the auto antibody involved in ankylosing spondylitis? |
HLA-B27 |
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What is the causative organism in Rheumatic fever? |
Group A strep. |
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What is the auto antigen in Type I DM? |
Glutamic acid decarboxylase |
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What is the difference between organ specific and non-organ specific autoimmune disease? |
Organ-specific = Endocrine disease, pancreas (diabetes) Non-organ specific - anywhere in the body, doesnt attack specific organ, connective tissue disease. *if you have one organ specific autoimmune disease, there is a high chance of having another e.g if you have thyroid disease then chance of type I diabetes. However rare to get both organ specific and non organ specific* |
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What is the most common non-organ specific autoimmune disease? |
SLE |
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What is the difference between autoimmunity and autoimmune disease? |
Autoimmunity is simply physiological recognition of self. Auto immune disease is when this recognition becomes destructive and it contributes to tissue/organ damage. |
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What are the main treatment principles for autoimmune disease? |
Immunosuppressive therapy Anti-inflamtory therapy Plasmapheresis - removes circulating autoantibodies. Rarely: BMT - Bone marrow transplant Replacement of lost physiological factor Organ/tissue/mechanical graft |
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What type of cells are part of the innate immune system? |
T cells, cytokines and B cells |
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What are the two main types of Lymphocytes? |
B cells and T cells |
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What type of cells are responsible for production of antibodies? |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made by B cells. *B cells occupy most of the plasma* |
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T - cells produce cytokines which are responsible for most of the tissue damage caused in auto immunity, what is the role of cytokines? |
Cytokines attract macrophages to the site of infection. They also produce interferons which are good for anti-viral effects and attract other immune cells. |
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What are Natural killer cells a type of? |
Natural killer cells are a type of Eosinophil |
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What is the role of macrophages in the immune response to antigens? |
Macrophages are part of the WBC family and derive from the bone marrow. They remove debris in the body, and work as hoovers but also aid optimisation (placing a antigen on a pathogen) Types include monocytes and giant cells. There job is to take over from the neutrophils which are involved in the initial acute inflammatory response. |
