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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of autism |
- Impaired social interaction - Impaired communication - Repititive and stereotyped behaviour - Impaired cognition |
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Kanner (1943) Definition |
- One peculiarity of autistic children having an anxiously obsessive desire for the preservation of sameness |
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Asperger similarities & differences to Kanner |
- Similar: social withdrawal, obsessive routine, pursuit in special interests -Differences: language, motor skills, learning abilities |
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Autism is a devlopmental condition affecting the way the brain processes info |
- Genetic element - Not emotional deprivation thats a myth - Physical factors |
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Fombonne et al (2011) |
- Half may have a learning disability - Way more recorded males |
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Types of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (Interactive Autism Network) |
- Autism (44%) - PDD NOS (29%) - Asperger (15%) - Other (12%) |
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Why is autism on the rise in Germany? |
- 30% increase in 2 years - Assessment difficulties - Definition changes - Development of diagnostic methods - Sample differences (first studies looking at 8yr olds) |
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Triad of Impairment (APA, 1994) |
-Communication: Language impairment - Socialisation: relationships, timing, empathy - Rigidity of thinking: inflexibility of thought, obsessional behaviour |
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Dyad of Impairment (APA, 2013) DSM-5 |
- Communication/Social Interaction: Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, emotions, reduced sharing of interests - Restricted, repetitive behaviour: hypo-hypersensetive, motor movements, speech, rigidity |
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3 types of Autism spectrum disorder (DSM-5) |
1) Asperger syndrome 2) Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD, regressive autism) 3) Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, atypical autism) |
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Autism diagnosis (overlaps with PDD-NOS) |
- Communication: Non-verbal/Echolaic - Socialisation: Appears unaware/no interest - Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Physical rocking/headbanging |
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PDD-NOS (overlaps with autism & asperger's disorder) |
- Communication: Scripts/lacking functionality - Socialisation: Parallel play/lacks age appropriate skills - Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Preoccupation with parts/spinning objects |
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Asperger's disorder (overlaps with PDD-NOS) |
- Communication: Verbal/lacks pragmatic aspects of communication - Socialisation: Interest/lack of social understanding - Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Over focus on topic |
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Sensory issues and autism |
Sensory issues affected with autism by vestibular (inner ear) & proprioceptive (muscles and joints) being connected |
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Sight |
- Hypo sensation: Darker, relies on peripherals, blurred, clumsy - Hyper sensations: Brighter, distortion, sensitive, reacts violently, objects jump around |
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Hearing |
-Hypo: sounds partially heard, sounds muffled, seeks loud noise -Hyper: distorted and painful sounds, overwhelmed and needs to hold hands over ears |
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Smell |
- Hypo: Ignores bad smells and will eat off things - Hyper: Overwhelmed, panic in certain environments, intolerance |
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Touch |
Hypo: Low response, cant report illness, risk of harm Hyper: overwhelmed, avoids certain fabrics, still seeks out firm consistent touch even when could be painful or overstimulating |
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Executive Function Defecit Theory: |
Is it all in the brain? (Vermeulen, 2010) Autistic thinking: context blind, rigidity, detail focused, problems with intuition, literal |
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Autism in the brain |
-Prefrontal cerebral cortex (social thinking) -Hypothalamus (Attachment behaviours) -Amygdala (Social orientation, emotional learning) -Fusiform Gyrus (Face recognition) -Middle temporal gyrus (Recognition of facial expression) |
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Is autism a disorder of executive function? |
Russell, Ozonoff et al. (1991) - Executive order underlies many key feat of ASD especially rigidity - difficulties initiating new non-routine actions, tendency to be stuck |
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Cognitive evidence of EF deficits in autism |
Pennington & Ozonoff 1996 - 14 studies found deficits in autism on at least one measure of EF - Autism poorer on 78% of tasks |
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Biological evidence of EF |
- Unusual function in the frontal areas with autistic folk (George et al 1992) - Participants with autism showed reduced activation during working memory tasks (Koshino et al 2005) |
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Executive function summary |
- Evidence for autism as executive disorder at cog and bio levels - Questions over primary, universality and specificity of EF deficits in autism - Further research needed |
