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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 issues in language and communication that kids with ASD are deficient in?
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Phonology, Semantics, Syntax, Pragmatics
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What is phonology
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Word sounds
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What is semantics
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word meaning
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what is pragmatics
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Communicative functions of language --> using language to influence people
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What is DTT (discreet trial training) usually used for?
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Phonology, syntax, and semantics
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What is joint attention?
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When two people share attentional focus on an object or event
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What are pivotal skills?
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Skills that once strengthened result in positive changes in other areas of functioning and improvements in subsequent learning
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What are advantages of sign language for kids with ASD?
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Children with autism often have problems with spoken language but are strong visual learners; signs are easier to prompt than speech. Signs are often iconic (sign is usually directly related to the object, looks like object)
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What does DTT stand for?
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Discreet Trial Training
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What does IT/NLP stand for?
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Incidental teaching/Natural Language Paradigm
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What is the typical setting for DTT?
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Usually an artificial setting like a clinic or tutoring room (designed to minimize distractions)
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What are problems with the DTT setting?
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Does not teach children they can USE what they're being taught (lack of communicative use) and narrow stimulus control
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What is the typical setting for IT/NLP?
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Natural Environment. Many stimuli of interest are presented.
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What is the training stimuli for DTT?
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Repeated trials until mastery. Arbitrary-chosen because theyre easy to teach (example: zebras)
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What is the training stimuli for IT/NLP?
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Varied every trial or every few tasks. New trials mixed with mastered tasks. Natural (not arbitrary) stimuli chosen because they exist in the child's natural environment and they are functional (USEFUL)
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What is the response required in DTT?
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Must show complete mastery of response
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What is the response required in IT/NLP?
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Attempts to respond are reinforced
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What is the reinforcer received in DTT?
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Arbitrary reinforcer, often unrelated (ex: getting a piece of candy for getting word correct)
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What is the reinforcer involved in IT/NLP?
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Natural: Directly related to the object being tested (letting child play with ball after naming it correctly)
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What is PECS?
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Pictures used to represent objects are used to communicate (pic of toilet for when child needs to use bathroom)
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What is social cognition?
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Understanding the social/emotional behavior of others
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What are social skills?
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Knowing what to do in social situation
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What is social motivation
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Enjoying social interaction with others
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What are 3 issues in social development for kids with ASD?
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Social cognition, social skills, and social motivation
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What is play based intervention?
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Mothers are taught to imitate their child when child is playing. Sharing interest in the same object/activity. After several weeks, increased gaze to mother from child, child plays with toys more often
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What are scripts?
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Written instructions containing info on how to interact with other children. Promotes peer to peer interaction. Increases the # of initiations ASD child makes to other children. Child begins to go "off script"
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What are peer mediated techniques?
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Teach typical peers to initiate..."popular" students asked to be teacher's helpers. Over several weeks several of typical students will initiate social interaction with ASD chil; Child will eventually respond back to typical child
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What is self-management training?
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Child with ASD taught to monitor behavior and to give themselves points for appropriate behavior. Points reinforced with prizes. Best for higher functioning, PDDNOS, Aspergers. Examples of things that can be self managed: appropriate facial expressions and affect, non verbal mannerisms, perseveration on topic, intensity of voice volume eye gaze
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What is PRT
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Pivotal response training...Supply an entire curriculum to typical child that teaches them how to interact with ASD child
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List things that would be in PRT curriculum.
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1. Make sure child with ASD is paying attention.
2. Make sure to give kid choices of things to do 3. Use different toys 4. Model or demonstrate appropriate behavior 5. Reinforce attempts 6. Encourage conversation 7. Encourage turn taking 8. Narrate the play` |
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What are social stories?
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Short stories written from the perspective of student that provides instructions on positive, appropriate social behavior. These stories are presented VISUALLY.
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What are the 3 types of sentences present in social stories?
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Descriptive sentences, directive sentences, and perspective sentences
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Why do social stories work?
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It is visual. It provides instructions about what to do. It provides a model that the kid with ASD can imitate and copy. There are consequences so they see if they do it right, everyone will be happy.
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What does the hidden curriculum encompass?
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All the social skills noone taught us directly
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What are natural consequences?
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Consequences that are functionally related to target behavior
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What is activity interspersal?
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Motivating interest in more difficult activties by interspersing easier activities between the difficult ones
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What is FORM of joint attention? List examples
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How behavior manifests. Ex: gaze alternation, pointing
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What is FUNCTION of joint attention?
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Motivation to socially interact --> show enjoyment in sharing object or event
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What are 5 barriers to family support?
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1. Maternal discord, 2. Maternal Insularity (Social isolation) 3. Parental Depression 4. Parental Stress 5. Lack of personal resources
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What are social skills groups?
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A number of kids in a group learning and interacting together (a bunch of typical kids and few who have ASD)
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What is the first skill taught
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Imitation
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what is negotiating
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context for taking turns
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What happens in video modelling
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Make a video tape of 2 children (one typical, the other pretending to have ASD) having a normal conversation. Models turn taking and normal social interactions. After many presentations of various video modeling, child with ASD will initiate a social interaction with a peer more often
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Why is program centered used?
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Efficient way of dealing with people who have autism.
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What is receptive labeling?
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Child must understand incoming information but does not need to speak
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What is expressive labeling?
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Requiring the child to speak
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What are examples of barriers for many with ASD?
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The school district, No access to medical services
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What are some opportunties for those with ASD?
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Living in a community with things to do, support groups, Medicaid, HHH School District (full of support)
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What is the primary focus in program centered planning?
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To deliver a fixed set of services that everyone must go through, despite the patients differences
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What is the purpose of parent training?
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Teaching techniques to extend and generalize skills...children with parents often so the child can put more hours in to working on material outside of school
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What is the purpose of parent support
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For understanding disability, gaining access to additional services, home visits and phone consultation to improve the social interaction in the family
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What is required of teachers?
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Teachers need a general knowledge of autism, a working knowledge of applied behavior analysis, and awareness of curricula that are developmentally appropriate
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What is required of the classroom consultant to the teaching staff?
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Must have complete mastery of ABA/PBA (positive behavioral support), a history of close supervised (by an expert) experience with the population
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What is facilitated communication?
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Guiding hands over keyboard to help them communicate
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What is chelation therapy?
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Metals are believed to be in high doses in the body so pills are given to flush out system
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What is dolphin therapy?
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Swim with dolphins and by end you will be social
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What is hippotherapy?
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Horse therapy
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What is adjunctive treatment?
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These treatments don't replace solid evidence based approaches; they only supplement them until they are proven, scientifically to be effective
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What are the costs of adopting treatments without scientific support?
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Money, disappointment, physical harm (chelation causes deaths in some!!), replacing treatments that work with those that don't (delayed progress)
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What is FAPE?
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Free and Appropriate Public Education....every child has a right to a public education. Some schools used to hold children back by not accepting them if they have problems...also, children should be placed in correct classes/extra help
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What is IEP?
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Individual Education Plan...each child with a disability needs a program that is tailored to them
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What is LRE?
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Least Restrictive Environment...Everyone gets to begin in a regular environment unless compelling reason to pull them out
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What is equal protection?
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Under the law, EVERYONE has the same rights (can't say all children have freedom of education except children with disabilities)
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What is due process?
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Cannot be deprived of rights without trial
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What are the 5 steps in DTT?
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1. Presentation of a cue or discriminative stimulus
2. Deliver a prompt (if necessary) one on one training 3. Child makes a response 4. Consequence (reinforce for correct/or correction) 5. Inter trial interval (ITI): Pause then repeat above steps |
