Autism

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Autism

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neurobiologically based but are defined purely by behavior.

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Autistic Disorder is referred to several different ways including

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early infantile autism, childhood autism, or Kanner's autism.

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Autism is the most representative type of PDD,

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as well as the most researched.

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Austism

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inability to relate socially
inability to convey meaning through language
insistence on sameness in daily routines.
He also asserted that this disorder was innate, which reflects our current research on the heritability of autism.

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DSM-IV-TR criteria

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A total of six (or more) items from (1), (2), and (3), with at least two from (1), and one each from (2) and (3)

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DSM-IV-TR criteria

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1. Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:

2. Qualitative impairments in communication including both verbal and nonverbal communication, as manifested by at least one of the following

3. Restricted and stereotyped behavioral patterns require at least one of the following criterion

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DSM-IV-TR criteria

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C. The disturbance is not better accounted for by Rett’s Disorder or Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.

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Associated features

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Children tend to be diagnosed with autism at a fairly young age due to early signs and symptoms

Usually, during the first three years, the child starts to exhibit autistic actions.

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Cognitive disabilities are not part of the DSM-IV-TR criteria;

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however, most children with autism suffer from mild to profound mental retardation

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________ with autism suffer more severe mental retardation

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Females

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Child vs. adult presentation

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Children tend to be diagnosed at a very young age

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extremely rare to diagnose an adult with autism

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Autism is a lifelong disorder.

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The MMR vaccinations given to some children presumably caused autism

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no concrete evidence to support that theory

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Currently in the United States,

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300,000 individuals have autism

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270,000 are thought to be young children

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Approximately 14,000 older children

An estimated 22,000 adolescents and adults

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1 in 150 births are autistic

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1.5 million Americans may be affected with autism

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1 to 2 per 1,000 in children

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60 cases per 10,000 children

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strong ______ basis for autism spectrum disorders

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genetic

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Gender and cultural differences in presentation

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Autism is more prevalent in boys than in girls with a 3 or 4:1 ratio,

although females exhibit more severe mental retardation.

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Autism knows no “ethnic boundaries” because it is seen throughout the World. In some studies; however, some countries have higher percentages of autism. It is noteworthy that in one study __________ were at 29.5% and 18% as two of the highest countries with autism in that one study.

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Denmark and Finland

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_______ tend to have lower intellectual functioning and more severe symptoms.

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Females

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Epidemiology

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it is reported that 1 in 10,000 people were diagnosed with autism with a rate of 10-17% annually

About 10% of those with autism are savants

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Co-morbidity rates vary greatly by disorder and reveal that 40-69% have

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mental retardation, widely varied rates of depression and anxiety

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Most parents report symptoms before 12 months, but average diagnosis is at

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four years.

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Only a small percentage

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go on to work and live independently.

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Etiology

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Genetic factors appear to have a large effect on autism.

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Etiology

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Environment is a huge cause of autism.

Exposure to chemicals in the environment are “neurodevelopmental toxins” for the baby.

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Mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, brominated flame retardants and pesticides

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are all chemicals that with exposure could cause harm to a child.

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People with relatives that have autism

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are more likely to be autistic.

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Seventy-five percent

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will not live independently, even with early interventions.

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Prognosis

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High IQs and early development of social communication skills are related to better prognosis.

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Best Treatment:

Pivotal Response Training (PRT)

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has been seen as an effective treatment for children with autism.

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Pivotal Response Training (PRT)

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PRT focuses on enhancing the relationship between social communication responses and the consequent reinforcers of such responses appear to increase behaviors characteristic of motivation and improve environmental and social interactions

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Behavioral treatment therapies should include

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clear instructions, performance of specific behaviors, immediate praise and rewards for performing the specific behaviors, gradual increase in complexity of behaviors, and definition of when and when not to perform the behaviors.

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It is important for the parents to be involved in the creation of an individual education plan (IEP) in order to set goals for their autistic child.

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This allows both parents and educators to be on the same page as to the steps they will take in order to achieve these goals.

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Diagnostic tools

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Autism can be separated into high functioning (HFA) and low functioning (LFA)

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Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder

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(designed for children with LFA and HFA)

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Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)

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for children with LFA

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Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale (GADS)

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with HFA

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Experimental Psychology and Autism

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Results from the researchers’ experiment indicated that few children with autism provided correct answers on this task, while each child in the control group answered correctly (Ropar et al., 2003). These results suggest that children with autism have difficulty perceiving others people’s personal mental space.

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Experimental Psychology and Autism 2

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The experimenters’ results indicated that participants with autism made significantly shorter face fixations than participants that were typically developed.

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people with autism tend to spend less time fixating on the

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eyes and other defining features of faces