August Physical Science

Front 1

For equation F=mv^2/r; just b/c r dec doesn't mean Fc is inc; why?

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Front 2

(T/F) Fluids with low viscocity can hold off turbulence better than high viscous fluids.

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Front 3

(T/F) Density depends on viscosity

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Front 4

(T/F) Pressure different means that the fluid can't flow.

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Front 5

If there is a pressure different, can a fluid accelerate?

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Front 6

(T/F) Bernouli's: when fluid rises, pressure goes down.

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Front 7

K is force force over area so for muscle K is equal to what?

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Front 8

If the size of something is enlarged by a linear factor x, maxx_new=x^3*m_old

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Front 9

For tension at the top of a pendulum, the tension is equal to:

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Front 10

(T/F) An idealized (frictionless) pendulum will keep oscillating the same way forever: maintain amplitude theta.

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Front 11

For a pendulum, where along the path is the tension the largest?

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Front 12

How does acceleraton at the top of a mountain compared to at sea level?

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Front 13

Why is mass often missing in certain equations?

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Front 14

Give me an example of when mass is often missing in certain equations.

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Front 15

In a pendulum, how does the centripetal force compare to the tension?

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Front 16

The period of SHM dpeends only on what variables?

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Front 17

Why is it more difficult to illegally tap into fiber optic systems than into copper cable systems?

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Front 18

(T/F) Intrafred light contains more energy than visible light.

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Front 19

(T/F) When increase the frequency, you also increase the refractive index (generally)

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Front 20

(T/F) EM radiation with short wavelength

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Front 21

dB=10log(I/Io)

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Front 22

Can only get total internal reflection when traveling from a medium with higher n to a lower n

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Front 23

(T/F) The frequence of a wave doesn't change as it travels from one medium to another.

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Front 24

(T/F) B/c intranuclear electrostatic repulsion w/in a more crowded nucleus is much greater, more neutrons are required to keep bigger nuclei together.

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Front 25

What is a fissile?

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Front 26

H+H+H+H => 4He + 2x + energy

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(T/F) Free neutrons are always incorporated into surrounding nuclei.

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Front 28

(T/F) Fact that something is a better ligand tells us that it has more electron density.

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Front 29

(T/F) All ionic cmpds are solids at room temperature.

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Front 30

(T/F) Ammonia chloride, NH4Cl, is ionic.

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Front 31

(T/F) Ionic cmpds only exist btw atoms of very different electronegativities with the EXCEPTION of ammonium salts and a handful of strong acids, cmpds consisting of all nonmetal elements are covalent and week electrolyes.

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Front 32

# The toxicity of ammonia and CO stems from the fact that these cmpds are better ligands than O2; that's why they replace oxygen in hemoglobulin.

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Front 33

# A molecule which has a trigonal pyramid shape is one that has 3 grps of bonding electrons and one group of nonbonding electrons.

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Front 34

# Formal Charge = Valence - 1/2(Bonding)-(Nonbonding).

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Front 35

# Current is a function of the SA of both electrolines (therfore surfae area of a piece of foil would be greater than a cylinder, plate, or spherical electrode)

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Front 36

What is the total current output of a battery only dependent upon?

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Front 37

# While it is true that a cell with a positive voltage will produce a positive current, a cell with a negative voltage (nonspontaneous rxn) is considered "dead" and will produce no current (I_cell=0.0)

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Front 38

# Value 2.303 is a conversion factor btw natural (base e) and common (base 10) logs.

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Front 39

# superscript <degrees>: 298K, 1ATM

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Front 40

# Ions will be colors if they have a partially filled d or f orbitals.

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Front 41

# Log of a small fraction is a negatice number.

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Front 42

# Pseudo law of chemistry: pressure only has an effect on gases (look for row 1 & 2 elements)

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Front 43

Work Energy Theorem

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Front 44

# Two particles of like chrage and equal mass are separated bya given distance. If mass of one particle is doubled, the repulsive force btw particles will be unchanged b/c repulsive force is dependent on charge on charge not mass.

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Front 45

# Field created by the source charge is indeed affected by the nature of the medium surrounding. If put in insulator will def dec E, the equation E=kQ/r^2 assumes that source charge is in vaccum.

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Front 46

# Sign of electric field only has to do with direction, not strength.

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Front 47

# v=sqrt(B/p) where v=velocity; B = bulk modulus (resistance to compression; p = density

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Front 48

# n = c/v where n=refractive index; c=speed of light; v=velocity in medium

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Front 49

# when given sin(theta), use since(theta) = opposute/hypoteneus

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Front 50

# A hammer is used to ddrive a nail into a board. Work is done in the act of driving the nail. Compared to the moment before the hammer strikes the nail, the mechanical energy of the hammer after its impact will be less, b/c the hammer has done work. The hammer has done positive work on the nail, giving it enough energy to move into the wood. Thus some of the hammer's original KE is lost, leaving it with less mechanical energy.

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Front 51

# Archimedian's principle: an object is float on a fluid. The weight of the fluid displaced by the floating object is equal to the weight of the object.

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Front 52

# Only way to keep something floating is having the Fbuoyant force equal to the weight.

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Front 53

# An object is sinking in fluid, the weight of the fluid displaced by the sinking object is less than the weight of the object (weight > Fbuoyant is only way to get object to sink!)

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Front 54

# Buoyant force = p_liquid*V*g

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Front 55

# Ideal fluid is incompressible and nonturbulent.

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Front 56

# High fluid flow speed implied lower fluid pressure by continuity equation.

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Front 57

# Fluid flow should be constant throughout a pipe.

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Front 58

# A magnetic field is created only by electric charges in motion.

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Front 59

# Motionless charged particle doesn't create a magnetic field.

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Front 60

# B = (u i)/(2 pi r) ; increasing i and decreasing r will increase B.

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Front 61

# Virtual images are always upright.

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Front 62

# Lens power is the reciprocol of focal length: P=1/f

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Front 63

# When looking for product of beta+ emission, look for elements where one less proton.

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Front 64

# Kidney-liver: two highly vascular organs whose primary function is to purify blood by filtering fluids thru cellular membranes.

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Front 65

# number of electrons = 2n^2.

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Front 66

# The hydrogen ion H+ doesn't have an electrons so the quantum #s could not be 1, 0, 0 +1/2

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Front 67

# 4f subshell is composed of 7 degenerate orbitals, not 14 (14 electrons though).

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Front 68

# A radical has an odd # of valence electrons… ie: BrO3 = 7+6(3)=25 (Radical b/c odd # e's)

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Front 69

# sp^2 hybridization: 120 degrees trigonal planar.

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Front 70

# radicals remove electrons from other atoms to complete their octets => act as oxidants/oxidizing agents.

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Front 71

# Lewis base: donates a pair of nonbonding e's to form a covalent bond.

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Front 72

# Coordination complexes are covalently bonded complexes btw nonmetal ligands of transition metal ion.

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Front 73

# Si is a metalloid.

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Front 74

# Si-F bond is very polar; not ionic in nature.

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Front 75

# Most transition metals are vividly colored b/c they contain partially filled d orbitals whose electrons undergo transition at visible wavelengths. Therefore, transition metals that aren't colored have either 0 or 10 e's in their d orbital.

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Front 76

# The ionic solid with the highest MP will be the one with the strongest ionic interactions.

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Front 77

# Nearly all substances expand and become less dense when heated. This is due to increased motion of molecules which increases the spaces btw the molecules.

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delta(V)=k*Q*delta(1/r); W_byfield=-q*delta(V)

Front 78

# A heterogeneous catalyst is one that has a phase different from the reactants which it is catalyzing.

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Front 79

# The rate law only depends upon the reactants in the rate-determine (slow) step of the overal reaction.

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Front 80

# A catalyst only has a net effect on a rxn that is not at equilibrium, catalyst increases the rate at which a system reaches equilibrium.

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Front 81

# Walls of a good coffe cup are insulators => they prevent heat transfer with the environment. This is an adiabatic (or closed) system.

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Front 82

# Heat capacity of one gram of a substance is called the material's specific heat.

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Front 83

# SPECIFIC HEAT = HEAT CAPACITY / MASS (g)

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Front 84

# A redox rxn supercedes all other types of rxns, that is, if a redox is occuring in a rxn regardless of whether a precipitate acid or base is being produced, the rxn is still classfied as a redox rxn.

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Front 85

# Higher reduction potential => more corrosive resistant.

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Front 86

# If 2 metals in contact, metal with high Ered will replace electrons lost to oxygen by taking them from the metal with the lower reduction potential. The one with the lower Ered will serve as the sacrificial anode.

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Front 87

# The one with the lower Ered will serve as the sacrificila anode.

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Front 88

# All metal oxides are alkaline. Therefore, immersion in an acid bath will strip these protective coats anda llow the acid to begin to oxidize the metal. For many metals, such as Al, Zn, and Mg, this rxn is rather fast and copious amounts of H2(g) can be generated.

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Front 89

# Electrolysis: an applied current is consuemd during electrolysis => H must be endothermic.

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Front 90

# Electrochecmial and electrolytic cells require a FLUID solution to facilitate ion migration => solids would NOT work.

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Front 91

# Reverse rxn of a nonspontaneous rxn is spontaneous => the products of electrolysis will react upon contact.

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Front 92

# Electrolytic cell: (+) anode ; (-) cathode

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Front 93

# Overall charge of water is zero (has dipole moment) => positive of dipole will point in direction of cathode (neg terminal) and neg poriton of dipole in anode direction. => will not move in either direction (no attractor) since no charge.

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Front 94

# Na reacts instantnly with metal, therefore Na metal will never be isolated as a product of an aqueous phase electrolysis => NaOH is produced.

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Front 95

# In the electrolysis of potassium fluoride, KF will produce potassium metal and fluorine gas. Fluorine gas is an extremely potent oxidzing agent => the best material to use to construct the electrodes might be a nonmetal covalen tconductor suhch as graphite. It would be foolish to use a vulnerable, metallic electrode which would make a dandy reducing agent.

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Front 96

# alpha radiation is emission of Helium.

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Front 97

# Fluorescent molecules always emit photons of equal or less energy (and freq) than those absorbed.

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Front 98

# Nucleus decays: electrostatic repulsion propels alpha particle out of nucleus giving the particle kinetic energy => alpha particle then collides with an atom, transferring some of its KE to the atom's electrons elevating them into higher energy levels (electric PE) => excited electron returns to ground as EM energy (light).

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Front 99

# Atom can only fluoresce after it has promoted (excited) an e- into a higher energy level by absorbing energy.

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Front 100

# Increasing energy => decreasing stability.

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Front 101

# Colors classfied as opposite pairs: color #1-color$2; if a nonemitting object has color #1, it must be absorbing color #1's opposite color, color #2 and vice versa.

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Front 102

# A ligand must be able to donate a nonbonding pair of electrons. Therefore, a ligand must always be a lewis base.

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Front 103

# All metal nitrates are soluble.

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Front 104

# Salt solubility rules: 1) All group I (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ Cs+) and ammonium salts (NH4+) are soluble. 2) All nitrates (NO3-), perchlorates (ClO4-), and acetate salts (C2H3O2-) are soluble. 3) All silber (Ag+), lead (Pb2+/Pb4+) and mercury (Hg2 2+/Hg2+) salts are insolbule except for thier nitrates, perchlorates, and acetates.

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Front 105

# All hydrophobic cmpds accumulate in the hydrophobic crevices of the body. Example: fat dposition on the interior of arterial walls.

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Front 106

# Assuming that crown ether is neutral and that the cation in the crown ether is potassium ion. The charge of the crown ether K+ complex ion is 1+ (0+1=1).

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Front 107

If xM is the concentration of a solution with 1:1 mixture of concentrated acid and water. The molarity of the conc acid would be 2x M.

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Front 108

# Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent which oxidizes (CH3)2Hg into CO2, H2O, and Hg2+ (as the nitrate). Will find mercuric nitrate in sol C but no dimethyl mercury.

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Front 109

# Crown ethers increase the organic solubility of cations by encapsulating the ion w/ a relatively nonpolar shell.

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Front 110

# All ionic cmpds are soluble at RT, and have extrmeely lwow volatilities.

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Front 111

# Salts are nonvoltaile!

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# Nitric acid is such a powerful oxidizing agent that it will never reduce anything.

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# Chelation: process of forming a coordinate covalent bond btw and electron pair donator (ligand) and an electron pair acceptor (metal ion) => chelation is a lewis base rxn.

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Front 114

# metal ion: electron pair acceptor

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Front 115

# since G^deg=-NFE^deg, when cell has positive voltage, the rxn must be spontaneous.

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It is a mionimum boiling azeotrope w/ ethanol as the most volatile component. Can assume that the component that is more abundant in the critical composition is the more volatile of the 2 compoennts.

Front 116

# Graphite is good electrical conductor.

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Front 117

# For galvanic cell, if precipitate out the copper ions the rxn would completely stop (b/c it relies on converting Cu2+ + 2e- => Cu(s).

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Front 118

# If a student accidentally placed the zinc electrode into the copper solution: the light bulp would go out; zin electrode would be immediately encrusted with a layer of copper metal; solution would wamp up b/c there is nolong an organized electrical flow => all energy of rxn would be dissipated as heat.

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Front 119

# All Na salts are soluble so you would never expect a precipitate to form.

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Front 120

# Sodium carbonate is a weak base by definition but it is a strong enough to make solutions significantly alkaline when dissolved.

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You can determien the cutoff point for reactivity by comparing the reduction potentials of these metals w/ the reduction potential of the hydrogen ions the metal reacts with.

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# Neutralizatoin of a base by acid is always an exothermic process.

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Front 122

# Zn(s) reduces Cu2+ to Cu(s). Zn2+, H+, and Cu2+ are all in their most oxidized state and lack the electrons required to reduce one another.

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Zinc electrode as anode in a 1M Zn2+ solution; hydrogen electrode as cathode in 1M H+ solution.

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# Precipitation reduces the amnt of dissolved ions in solution, there, with all other things being equal, solutions w/ precipitates are expected to experience less of a bp elecation and mp depression than solution w/o precipitates (I is less for w/ precipitate).

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Front 124

# pH of 7 at the equivalent pt is indicative of a strong acid titrated with a weak base or vice versa.

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Front 125

# According to Le Chateliers principle, acidic gases tend to be more soluble in water than neutral gases are b/c they partially dissociation in solution. Addition of acid would be expected to diminish the amnt of dissociated gas in solution, & thus decrease the solubility of the gas. Furthermore, it is well known that solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with increasing temperature.

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Front 126

# The most effective way of driving a dissolved acidic gas from soluton is to add more acid to decrease the solubility of acid gas and then boil to further decrease the solubility.

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# Titrating a solution of weak base (such as NH3) w/ a strong acid would result in an acidic salt of the equivalent point.

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Front 128

# weak bases: NH3 (ammonia & amines)

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Front 129

# Strong bases: Group I hydroxides, Some group II hydroxides (Ca, Sr, Ba); Metal amides (NaNH2; since amide ion NH2- will react completely with H2O to form NH3 and OH- ions)

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Front 130

# Salt solubility Rules: 1) All Group I (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs+) and ammonium (NH4+) salts are soluble; 2) All nitrate (NO3-), perchlorate (ClO4-) and acette (C2H3O2-) salts are soluble; 3) All silber (Ag+), lead (Pb2+/Pb2++) and mercury (Hg2 2+/Hg2+) salts are insoluble, except for their nitrates, perchlorates, acetates.

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Front 131

# Wind machine extracting energy from moving air mass must have less speed after passing through the machine than before (due to KE). By continuity equation, lower speed v implies a greater cross sectional area.

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Front 132

# By continuity equation, lower speed v implies a greater cross sectional area A.

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Front 133

# More rotational KE => more efficient if power is proportion to omega.

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Front 134

# Bernoulli effect: pressure difference causes a hot force (the lift) perp to the flow.

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Front 135

# Resolution is the process of separation two enantiomers from each other.

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Front 136

# Original # of parents nuclei, No, is equal to the # which have decayed plus # which have not.

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Front 137

# If something is anomalistically young age determined by the uranium thorium method, it could be that there is more uranium-239 recently added to the rock so that one would derive a younger age b/c the ratio of daughter to parent is lower.

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Front 138

# Since decay of parents is intilaly fast, intial production of daugthers is fast as well. (radiactive decay).

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# Freezing point and melting point are analagous.

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Front 140

# If something has a high crystalliation (melting) temp, this implies that it has the strong intermolecular forces so need to figure out the ionic changes.

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Front 141

# If something no longer resonates at another object's resonsant frequency, amplitude will decrease due to destructive interference.

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Front 142

# The speed of a wae that travels along the bridge depends on the internal properties of the medium such as density of the bridge. B/c mechanical waves depeneds on internal properties of the medium.

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# Frequency is in terms of oscillations per second.

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# f_n=n*f_1 ; second harmonic freq is equal to 2x the fundamental frequency.

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Front 145

# Neutralization of 99.9% acid tlels us that for every 1000 H+ originally in solution, only one remains.

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Front 146

# Compression of a solud object is governed by the equation: F/A=Y(deltaL/L)

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Front 147

# Decreasing temperature increases viscocity of the electrolyte.

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# When temperature increases across a resistor,when electrons collide w/ atoms of the resistor, the vibration of the atoms increases and the atom KE increases. As a result, the electron transfer some of its KE to the atom so the electron's KE decreases as a result of the collisions.

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Front 149

# Semipermeable membrane: alllows movement of solvent molecules but not solute molecules.

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# Sufficient energy will break covalent bonds.

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# Phosphorous and boron atoms enhance the donuctivity of Si b/c they have diff # of valence electrons. Si has 4, P has 5 and boron has 3.

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# 1eV is equal to energy requeired to move an electron through a potential difference of one volt.

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Front 153

# Thermal expansion of a solud: delta(L) = alpha * L * delta(T)

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Front 154

# Paricle of light is known as a photon: E=hf (h~particle; f~wave)

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Front 155

# PF5: five bonding electron pairs and number lone pairs => trigonal bipyramid.

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Front 156

# To tell if something is a catalyst or a reactant, check to see if its been used up (reactant) or remains unchanged (catalyst).

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Front 157

# Electrostatic interaction: pos and neg charge attract each other.

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Front 158

# London forces are weak attractive forces btw instanteous and induced dipoles occuring in nonpolar molecules.

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Front 159

# Concave lens have negative focal lengths. Concave lenses are diverging and thus can only have cirtual images thus I must be negative.

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# Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent due to the nitrate ion, and an effective solvent for the dissolution of metal precipitates b/c metal ion-nitrate solutes are alwayss soluble.

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Front 161

# Transition metal atoms may produce various mixtures of ions in different oxidation states.

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# Decomposition of a molecule due to heat is permanent.

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# Gases warm as they are compressed.

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# The vapor pressure of any substance is independent of external pressure.

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# When gas is compressed, it is receiving work from the surrounding (aka. exchanging heat with the surroundings).

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# When a gas is compressed, it is heated and loses heat to the surroundings if the system is not insualted.

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# Metals are particularly susceptible to oxidizing agents such as chlorine (relaly electronegative gas).

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Front 168

# Helium is a more ideal-behaving gas than nitrogen b/c nitrogen has strong Londong dispersion forces due to greater # of electrons and surace area of the N2 molecule.

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Front 169

# With weaker attractive forces, the helium molecules will exert a slightly greater pressure than N2.

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# Due to its small mass, He atoms will move faster at any temp than N2, and will escape from any vessel at a greater rate.

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Front 171

# He is an inert gas and will not participate in any chemical reactions.

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# Total energy retained within a hot gas depends upon the change in its temperature, specific heat and the amount of gas.

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Front 173

# Work done by gravity on a pendulum is equal to the negative change in the gravitaitonal PE: W=-delta(PE)=-Mgdelta(h)=-Mg(L-Lcos(theta))

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Front 174

# Effects of air resistance on a projectile: take less time to reach its peak than it does to descend from its peak b/c air resistance/friction always opposes the direction of the projectile's velocity.

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Front 175

# Continuous spectrum with a broad spectrum => characteristic of blackbody or thermal emitter.

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Pco2=(44g/mol)/(22.4L/mol)=2g/L

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# Blackholes emit radiation at any temp, but only emit visible light when very hot. (Also, blackbody only depends on the temperature not the type of element).

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Front 177

# Diffraction: sprading of a wave after it has pssed thru an aperature.

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Front 178

# Light can act as a wave so doppler effect applies to EM waves; if light is moving away then the freq is decreasing and the wavelength is increasing.

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Front 179

# Converging lens => convex; f is positive => image is positive (real and inverted).

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Front 180

# Having passenger raise their arms would decrease the rotational inertia of the loaded train (b/c more mass is near the center of rotation) => increase it's speed.

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Front 181

# All Group I and ammonium salts are soluble so one wouldn't expect that water contamined with small quantitiy of this stuff will precipitate something.

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# For CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3; if add base, it will neutralize the acid and increase the solubility of CO2 in the solution.

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Front 183

# CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3; if acid solution were titrated when some CO2 remained dissolved in sulfuric acid solution, then the calcualted sulfur content of the coal would be too high b/c more KOH would be required to titrate the solution to the neutrality.

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# When heated, tungsten(IV) oxide, WO3, reacts with hydrogen gas to produce metallic tungsten and water vapor, the following reaction occurs: WO3 + 3H2 => W + 3H2O.

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Front 185

# f = v * A

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Front 186

# H2O molecules are much more polar than H2S molecules b/c O is more electronegative than S. This causes much stronger hydrogen bonding btw water molecules than btw H2S molecules.

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Front 187

What is the work done by the electric force on the negative charge as q moves form position X to position Y?

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Front 188

# Ionic interactions are always stronger than dipole interactions.

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Front 189

# The water vapor pressure of salt solutions are lwer than that of pure water b/c ion-dipole forces are stronger than dipole dipole interactions.

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Front 190

# Ksp=8.3e-17; x^2=8.3e-17 => x=9e-9

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Front 191

# To figure out how pH will change with a saturated solution of a metal hydroxide, need to see if its exothermic. If it is, then it will be less basic as temperature increases.

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Front 192

# The conjugate base of a strong acid (such as chloride, the conjugate base of the strong HCL) is pH neutral in solution.

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Front 193

# The conjugate acid of a weak base (such as Pb2+, the conjugate acid of the weak base lead hydroxide) is actually slightly acidic. The saturated lead chloride solution can be expected to be slightly acidic.

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Front 194

# Enthalpy changes of the rxns are not equal. If the enthalpy changes of 2 rxns are different, then the Gibb's free energy are also differ. Activation energies of the rxns are also not equal.

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Front 195

# The change of disorder of the molecules is independent of bond energy.

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Front 196

# Stability is increased by higher bond energy and lower zero-point energy. Ie. C-D bond is stronger than C-H bond, the rxn will be slowed.

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Front 197

# If OD bond is slightly greater strength than an OH bond, DNO2 must be a slightly weaker acid than HNO2.

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Front 198

# CO2 is an invisible gas.

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Front 199

# Hydrogen gas is produced during redox rxns.

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# Since neutralization rxns btw an acid and base evolves heat, it is likely that this vapor is nothing more than some steam produiced at locally hot part of the solution before stirring.

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# When solution is being diluted, its entropy is increasing b/c the solute molecuels are speading out.

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#

Front 202

# Heat released from the dilution of concentrated HCl comes from the formation of ion-dipole interactions in solvation shells; reason this process is exothermic is b/c the addition of more water moelcules allows for many more ion-dipole interaction btw H+ & water and CL- & water.

Back 202

#

Front 203

# Force of spring is Hooke's Law: F=kx

Back 203

#

Front 204

# Two blocks some mass are placed in contact and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium; T2>T1 and C1>C2; heat will flow from block 2 to block 1. Since block 1 has the greater specific heat, its magnitude of temperature change will be smaller than that of block 2.

Back 204

#

Front 205

# If an object is real, will have NEGATIVE magnification.

Back 205

#

Front 206

# For the equilibrium constant for the whole reaction, multiply all the individual rate constants for each step of the rxn.

Back 206

#

Front 207

# Adiabatic means insulated so heat is not allowed to enter or escape the box.

Back 207

#

Front 208

# Energy is proportional to current. Energy carried by electricity depeends upon on ly two things: current and vultage.

Back 208

#

Front 209

# Compressing gases warm, expanding gases cool.

Back 209

#

Front 210

# Oscillating current: repeatedly moving away from equil pos and turn.

Back 210

#

Front 211

# Direct current: move away from equil position and remain there.

Back 211

#

Front 212

# Give AC voltage source is rms.

Back 212

#

Front 213

# If assume that all gases are at the same temp and pressure, then the one with the lowest moleclar mass will have the lowest density => greatest lift.

Back 213

#

Front 214

# Isochoric: constant volume.

Back 214

#

Front 215

# Isobaric: constant pressure.

Back 215

#

Front 216

# Isothermal: constant temp.

Back 216

#

Front 217

# Adiabatic: w/o exchange of heat btw system and its surroundings.

Back 217

#

Front 218

# The pressure at higher altitute is less than that of the surface so as the parcel ascents, it expands. An expanding gas cools (just as aerosol cans and scuba tanks cool when gas is let out of them).

Back 218

#

Front 219

# For transition metals, can take one electron from (n+1)s orbital to make sd orbital have 5 or 10 e's. You cannot take both (n+1)s electron though!

Back 219

#

Front 220

# For a DC circuit, if all light bulbs are connected in parallel, if have one light bulb go out, the light of each of the other bulbs stays the same.

Back 220

#

Front 221

# When two substances form a maximum boiling azeotrope, the mixture has a higher BP than that corresponding to the vapor pressure predicted by Raoult's Law. Results from decrease in the vapor pressures of the constitutent species.

Back 221

#

Front 222

# An increase in the vapor pressure of the constitutents would result in a lower BP which is characteristic of a minimum boiling azeotrope.

Back 222

#

Front 223

# Two species being mixed together don't change the characteristic specific heats of each other.

Back 223

#

Front 224

# When add just a little salt, the BP won't change too much b/c there is very little salt interacting with the water.

Back 224

#

Front 225

An ethanol and water solution can be distilled to, at best, a 95% ethanol sol;ution, which boils at 78 deg C. What can be said about this mixture?

Back 225

#

Front 226

# For a negative charge, the force F is in the oppositive direction to the electric field.

Back 226

#

Front 227

# F=qE=ma

Back 227

#

Front 228

# Metals in their elemental, or free, form can only be oxidized, not reduced.

Back 228

#

Front 229

# Since metals in their elemental or free form can only be oxidized, not reduced, rxn of HCl w/ metals proceed when electrons are lost from the metal, thereby reducing the hydrogen ions to H2 gas.

Back 229

#

Front 230

Where is the cutoff point btw those metals that will react and those that won't with Hcl?

Back 230

#

Front 231

# Half cell potential of the hydrogen electrode at 1M concentration is always zero.

Back 231

#

Front 232

What would be most useful for determing the reduction potential of zin (copper doesn't exist) ?

Back 232

#

Front 233

# An incandescent lights' filament will vaporize at a faster rate than it would at normal atmospheric pressure.

Back 233

#

Front 234

# An inert gas (unlike oxygen) won't cause oxidation but it dose slow down the process of sublimation. The ultimate purpose of the inert gas is to allow the filament to be made hotter w/o being destoryed too fast by vaporization.

Back 234

#

Front 235

# Converging streamlines indicate increasing speed of the fluid; diverging streamlines indicate decreasing speed of the fluid.

Back 235

#

Front 236

# Since we must put in heat to turn the water into steam, the steam must have a greater internal energy.

Back 236

#

Front 237

# When steam condenses back into water, it releases energy as heat.

Back 237

#

Front 238

# If two openings to a pipe are open, the pressure is constant since both eends are at Patm.

Back 238

#

Front 239

# Neils Bohr Energy of electron falling: E=-A(1/ni^2 - 1/nf^2) where ni=initial quantum #; nf=final quantum #.

Back 239

#

Front 240

# pH = pKa + log[conjguatebase]/[acid]

Back 240

#

Front 241

# The intensity of a light source is the # of photons produced per unit time; increaseing number of photons striking metal place => increases electrons being ejected from metal.

Back 241

#

Front 242

# Increasing the frequency of the light source would NOT increase the # of electrons ejected from the surface of the metal; it would INCREASE the enrgy of the incident photons (photon that strikes the metal will eject an electron w/ a higher KE) but it won't increase the # of e's jeected since the # of electrons ejected is proportional to the # of incident photons.

Back 242

#

Front 243

# For both galvanic and electrolytic cells, electrons move from anode to cathode.

Back 243

#

Front 244

# C=k*eo*A/d

Back 244

#

Front 245

# The thresho0ld frequency of light needed to break the clusters down into their constitutent molecules is used to derive the nergy the energy of the clusters => "energy of the clusters" is the nergy released when a cluster is formed.

Back 245

#

Front 246

# The dipole of HCl is larger than NO so more readily to induce a dipole.

Back 246

#

Front 247

# EM spectrum: radio waves => microwaves => far infrared => Near infrared => ROYGB => UV light

Back 247

#

Front 248

# Tshaped molecule requries 4 atoms.

Back 248

#

Front 249

# The shape of SO2 is bent

Back 249

#

Front 250

# E=hf=hv/lambda

Back 250

#

Front 251

# Energy of formation of an elecmetn in its standard state is zero.

Back 251

#

Front 252

# Expt starts at point B w/ ignition (Ti) and point C is the final temp Tf after combustion of products.

Back 252

#

Front 253

# If a solution turns brown, it is detectable by UV spectroscopy.

Back 253

#

Front 254

# Manometer measures pressure of gases.

Back 254

#

Front 255

# Gravimetric analysis: detects materials by measuring mass. Cannot be used to detect mass insude a vessel b/c its constant (law of conservation of matter)

Back 255

#

Front 256

# Convection: process of energy transfer through the mass movement of heated material; this can't occur in a vacuum since by def, there are no particles w/ mass in a vacuum.

Back 256

#

Front 257

# Conduction requires vibrations of molecules and hence requires molceules; can't proceed in vacuum.

Back 257

#

Front 258

# Radiation: transfer of energy via EM waves; certainly can propagate thru vacuum.

Back 258

#

Front 259

# Coordinate covalent bond = one nuclei can donate both electrons (ie: lone pair of electrons on NH3)

Back 259

#

Front 260

# sigma bond: electrons are close as possible to the 2 sources of positive charge (the 2 nuclei); most stable form of covalent bond; free to rotate.

Back 260

#

Front 261

# pi bonds: less stable than sigma bond => more reactive; higher energy level; form weaker bond; 3rd row elements form woeaker pi bonds than second row elements; dbl bonds are rare for all atoms except carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,and sulfur; NOT free to rotate

Back 261

#

Front 262

# Hybridization: s has 2 orbitals; p has 3 orbitals; and d has 5 orbitals

Back 262

#

Front 263

# more s character a bond has, the more stable, the stronger, and the shorter it becomes.

Back 263

#

Front 264

# count up # of sigma bonds + lone pairs to get hybridization.

Back 264

#

Front 265

# Electron delocalizatoin: bonding e's are spread out over 3+ atoms; only results from pi bond.

Back 265

#

Front 266

# Fpir rules for writing resonance structure: Atoms must not be moved; e's move but not atoms; # of unpaired electrons must remain constant; resonance atoms must lie in the same plane; only proper lewis structures allowed

Back 266

#

Front 267

# In general, the more covalent bonds, the more stable the structure.

Back 267

#

Front 268

# Separation of charges w/in a molecule decrease stability.

Back 268

#

Front 269

# 2 conditions for resonance to occur: 1) species must contain an atom with a p orbital or an unshaired pair of electrons; 2) that atoms must be a single bonded to an atom that possesses a dbl or trpl bond. Ring sturctures must also satisfy Huclkel's rule: planar monocyclic rings w/ 4n+2 pi electrons should be aromatic (display resonance)

Back 269

#

Front 270

# Dipole moment: molecule or bond which have a dipole moment => polar w/o dipole moment => nonpolar

Back 270

#

Front 271

# Polar bond results from different in electronegativity of its atoms. Molecule may may have dipole moments however may be nonpolar b/c dipole moments cancel each other out.

Back 271

#

Front 272

# Induced dipoles: generally weaker than permanent dipole.

Back 272

#

Front 273

# Instantaneous dipole moment: weaker than induced dipole; act to induce a dipole in neighboring atom.

Back 273

#

Front 274

# A coolant is most effective when it can absorb a large quantiity of heat w/o a large increase in its own temeprature; that is when the coolant has a high specific heat.

Back 274

#

Front 275

# High specific heat: absorbs a lot of heat w/o getting much increase in its temperature.

Back 275

#

Front 276

# The difference btw the rest masses before and after a nuclear rxn, correpsond to the rxn eenrgy. If the total mass decreases, then energy is released, primarily in the form of kinetic energy of the product nuclei.

Back 276

#

Front 277

# Radioactive decay: A=Ao*e^(-kt)

Back 277

#

Front 278

# Experiment: as uranium in the FUEL RODS fissions and decay products fly off, the mass of the fuel rods will decrease.

Back 278

#

Front 279

# Osmotic pressure is a colligative property which means it depends only on the concentration of solute particles and not on their identitiy => 0.003m solution of NaCl will have an effective molality of 0.006m.

Back 279

#

Front 280

# Gases : decrease in KE => Increases PE and therefore increases attraction btw individual molecules.

Back 280

#

Front 281

# Since the # of moles of gas,n, is constant, decreasing the volume of the container will always result in an increase in the gas pressure on the container walls.

Back 281

#

Front 282

# Souind generally travels more slowly thru gases than thru the conensed phases (liquid or solid).

Back 282

#

Front 283

# Solids resist compression to a much greater extent than do gases => solids have a higher modulus of elasticity than gases.

Back 283

#

Front 284

# Increasing compressibility => Decreases modulus elasticity.

Back 284

#

Front 285

What is the approximate density of a pure sample of CO2 at STP in g/L?

Back 285

#

Front 286

# For a bullet hitting a pendulum: the bullet embeds intself in the block b4 the pendulum has swings upward. When the bullet hits the block, its KE is converted to heat as it burrows into the wood, so neighter velocity nore KE is conserved. MOMENTUM is conserved though.

Back 286

#

Front 287

# Assumpiong for bullet hitting pendulum experiment: the bullet's height doesn't change while its traveling form the gun to the block; if the bullet's high changed while traveling from the gun to the block, then the charge in gravitational PE would alter the bullet's total energy when struck the block, causing h to change, and consequently the calcualted value for v.

Back 287

#

Front 288

# Elastic potential energy of the compressed string: 1/2kx^2… converted to kinetic energy 1/2mv^2.

Back 288

#

Front 289

# The triple point depicts the unique pressure and temperature at which all 3 phases-gas, liquid, and vapor can coexist in equilibrium. Since vaporization, sublimation, condensation, and deposition all occur simultaneously the vapor pressure of the solid and liqud phase must be equilbrium.

Back 289

#

Front 290

# If a sample of vapor is heat in a "closed, rigid container" there is no change in volume.

Back 290

#

Front 291

# For Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO4 2-(aq) => 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l); anode is composed of lead; cathode is composed of lead oxide.

Back 291

#

Front 292

# While battery is discharging: Pb => Pb2+ + 2e-

Back 292

#

Front 293

# During recharge process, lead sulfate is converted to lead oxide at the anode (since this is oxidatio, it occurs here).

Back 293

#

Front 294

# As the battery (cell solution is acidic) discharges: it should initially have a pH less than 7.0. As rxn progresse and uses H2SO4, the acidity should decrease to neutrality.

Back 294

#

Front 295

# Sulfuirc acid is a lewis acid (electron acceptor) which can donate two protons (diprotic).

Back 295

#

Front 296

# Sulfuric acid is not amphoteric (meaning being both an acid and a base) since its not a good base.

Back 296

#

Front 297

# The low chemical reactivity of nitrogen gas is most likely caused by the triple bond holding each nitrogen atom in the molecule. Triple bond is strong so mcuh energy is required to disccoiate them resulting in their low reactivity.

Back 297

#

Front 298

# Increasing the length of the plates increases the capacitance b/c it increases the area. (C=keA/d)

Back 298

#

Front 299

# Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of the incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Back 299

#

Front 300

# If an angle of incidence is x degrees and its totally interanlly reflect, then the critical angle has to be a value at or less than 45 degrees.

Back 300

#

Front 301

# Fiber optic cables transmit data at or near the speed of light, whereas copper wiring doesn't.

Back 301

#

Front 302

# Resistivity of a current carrying component immediately implies dissipation of heat.

Back 302

#

Front 303

# CH3COOH (aq) <=> CH3COO- (aq) + H+(aq): when conc of acetic acid is equal to conc of its conjugate base (caetate ion), the pH of the solution will be equal to the pKa of the acid.

Back 303

#

Front 304

# Buffer will prevent dramatic change dramatic changes in pH.

Back 304

#

Front 305

# Reduction of acetic acid will initally produce an aldehyde. Further reduction will produce an alcohol.

Back 305

#

Front 306

# CaCl2 is a salt.

Back 306

#

Front 307

# Carbonic acid H2CO3 is a weak acid.

Back 307

#

Front 308

# The pH of a buffer solution depends on the ratio of the concentration of acid to base, not their absolute quantities; DILUTION OF A BUFFER SOLUTION SHOULDN"T AFFECT THE pH.

Back 308

#

Front 309

# Y=stress/|strain| = (F/A)/(deltaL/Lo)

Back 309

#

Front 310

# Ionic radius increases => stability of corersponding anion also increases (since the negative charge is distributed over a larger volume) => larger halides are more stable as anions. Larer hydrogen halides are more likely to undergo deprotonate and are stronger acids.

Back 310

#

Front 311

# Specific heat of a substance = quantitiy of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree.

Back 311

#

Front 312

# if cmpd 1 has a specific heat 2x that of cmpd2; temp of cmpd1 will be raised by half as much as cmpd2 after heating for an equilvaent time.

Back 312

#

Front 313

# Viscotiy, solubility, and bp are all dependent on intermolecular forces.

Back 313

#

Front 314

# Mass is not dependent on intermolecular forces but on its atomic composition.

Back 314

#

Front 315

# If in a rxn, one reactant breaks down into several components, it can be classified as decomposition.

Back 315

#

Front 316

# A double displacement rxn requires 2 reactants.

Back 316

#

Front 317

# In an acid-base rxn, you know that water and salt are formed as products.

Back 317

#

Front 318

# When water is added to sol w/ carbon dioxide, it will produce an acid solution (carbonic acid!).

Back 318

#

Front 319

# Ca2_ carbonate is insoluble in water.

Back 319

#

Front 320

# Binding energy is equal to mass defect of the nucleus times the speed of light squared.

Back 320

#

Front 321

# Because a neutron is electircally neutral, it doesn't interact either w/ the magnetic field or the electric field.

Back 321

#

Front 322

# Both magnetic and electric field depend on the charge on the particle => if charge of particle is zero => force all zero.

Back 322

#

Front 323

# Fission rxn can be initiated by combarding nuclei w/ neutrons. Bombarding nuclei with protons will not work as well b/c protons are positively charged => would experieince repulsion from positively charged nucleus and therefore not be able to get within close proximitiy of it.

Back 323

#

Front 324

# In competitive inhibition, Km increases.

Back 324

#

Front 325

# pH will effect Km for a given rxn b/c enzymes are proteins and the pH of a solution can intere w/ the 2nd and tertiary structure of a protein which can make the enzyme less likely to recognize the substrate.

Back 325

#

Front 326

# E=mc*delta(T).

Back 326

#

Front 327

# The maximum force that an object can sustain w/o sliding is equal to u_s * Fn= u_s m g. (not dependent on velocity!)

Back 327

#

Front 328

# Pascal's principle: say object A transits pressure to object B and want to maximize force of B… if area B is large, then to keep the same proportionarlity Fb is mangifed. Pascal's principle state that the pressure exerted on a fluid is transmitted throughout the entire fluid.

Back 328

#

Front 329

# Experiment: if going to be adding water to a sample, the sample does not need to be anhydrous.

Back 329

#

Front 330

# Visible light extends from about 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red).

Back 330

#

Front 331

# If the absorbance wavelelngth increases as one moves down a periodic table, then the 1swt transitions energy must decrease.

Back 331

#

Front 332

# If the equivalence point is greater than 7 and it starts off below 7... then know that it’s a weak acid (could be HF?).

Back 332

#

Front 333

# NaF: basic salt; LiCl: neutral salt

Back 333

#

Front 334

# There are 3 rules that can help identify whether a cehmical species will form acid, basic, or pH neutral solutions: 1) the acididity of an element increases as one moves to the right or down the periodic table; 2) the conjugate base (or acid) of a strong acid (or base) forms pH neutral solutions; 3) the conjugate base (or acid) of a weak acid (or base) is a weak base (or acid).

Back 334

#

Front 335

# Fe3+: weak acid (Fe3+ is the conjugate acid of Fe(OH)3, a weak base.

Back 335

#

Front 336

# I-: pH neutral (I- is the conjugate base of HI, a strong acid.

Back 336

#

Front 337

# BH3: weak base (Bis to the left of O -- rule #1)

Back 337

#

Front 338

# H2S: weak acid (S is below O - rule 1)

Back 338

#

Front 339

# Ca2+: weak acid (Ca2+ is the conjugate acid of Ca(OH)2, a weak base; rule #3)

Back 339

#

Front 340

# Cl-: pH neutral (Cl- is the conjugate base of a strong acid - rule 2)

Back 340

#

Front 341

# Mixing 10mL each of 1.0M HI and 1.0M KOH would make 0.5M KI b/c you are doubling the volume… to make 1M KI, we need 2.0M of each HI and KOH.

Back 341

#

Front 342

# Benzene is nonpolar.

Back 342

#

Front 343

# Neutralization rxn is exoterhmic.

Back 343

#

Front 344

# H-F has greater electronegativity difference than N-H or D-H.

Back 344

#

Front 345

# If the rxn of an acid and a base is exothermic, then the dissociation of water may be written as: H2O + heat <=> H+ and -OH; therefore, if temp is increased, the equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will decrease. Note that the conc of -OH will also increase such that the pH _ pOH will be less than 14 at temp > 25 deg C.

Back 345

#

Front 346

# CH3OH => CH3OH (Aq)_ n odissocation! 1 particle/mole.

Back 346

#

Front 347

# HCl -> H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) full dissocation => 2 particles per mole

Back 347

#

Front 348

# The lewis dot structure for ozone (O3) is: GEOMETRY (trigonal planar - central oxygen has 3 grps of electrons; SHAPE (bent - one of the grps of electrons is a lone pair)

Back 348

#

Front 349

# Oxygen is very reactive => has high potential energy (low stability)

Back 349

#

Front 350

# The oxidatoin states of the atoms in a pure element such as F2 and O2 are zero.

Back 350

#

Front 351

# Oxygen has a higher bond dissociation energy compared to Fluorine b/c there are two covalent bonds btw the O atoms while there is only btw the F atoms.

Back 351

#

Front 352

# The rates of all chemical rxns increase w/ temperature; remember, shifting an equilbirum is a different story.

Back 352

#

Front 353

# Halogens act as a catalyst for the destruction of ozone. CATALYSTS lowers the activation energy (energy of the transition state ) => catalyst makes transition state more stable.

Back 353

#

Front 354

# O3 + hf => O2 + O ; this rxn is endothermic.

Back 354

#

Front 355

# Magnetic forces can do NO work; they are incapable of changing the KE of a particle => delta(KE)=0.

Back 355

#

Front 356

# A proton and an electron, traeling with identical celocities enter a region of uniform magnetic field. If the magnetic force on neither particle is zero, all of the following are true. Since the proton and electron carry the same charge magntidue, the strengths of the magnetic force felt by the proton and electron will be identical. Since proton i smore massive than the electron, the proton's acceleration will be much less than that of teh electron (Newton's 2nd law); Magnetic forces can do no work => incapable of changing the KE of a particle.

Back 356

#

Front 357

# If a solution w/ a pH of 11 is diluted w/ pure water until the volume is decreased by a factor of 10, the pH will then equal 10 b/c diluting a basic solution would result in a solution w/ a pH closer to neutrality.

Back 357

#

Front 358

# Important criteria for an ideal gas: the moecluels have nelgigible volume; the molecules don't experience intermolecular forces; the molecules don't liqufey at low temperature.

Back 358

#

Front 359

# Nelgiglbe mass is NOT a criterion for an ideal gas.

Back 359

#

Front 360

# Both sound and string waves involve the displacement of matter (as opposed to light waves).

Back 360

#

Front 361

# Megaphone itself facilitates mechanical to sound energy. The whole process is chemical to mechanical to sound to heat.

Back 361

#

Front 362

# Sound waves don't pass easily thru a solid wood b/c a poor impedance match would result in good relfection and poor transmission of the wave.

Back 362

#

Front 363

# Spreading angle: delta(theta) = lambda/d ; A voice projected through a megaphone has a better defined direction than an unaided voice b/c the megaphone reduces diffraction by having a larger projection hole.

Back 363

#

Front 364

# Trichlorofluoromethane: CCl3F… Carbon is sp3 hybridized => tetrahedral.

Back 364

#

Front 365

# Light doiesn't travel thru metal wire (ie. Copper).

Back 365

#

Front 366

# The lower the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, the lower the index of refraction.

Back 366

#

Front 367

# In general, EM radiation w/ a high freq is more easily absorbed (or bent or scattered).

Back 367

#

Front 368

# Total internal reflectoin : n1>n2.

Back 368

#

Front 369

# Frequency of a wave doesn’t' change when go into a different medium but its speed and lambda do.

Back 369

#

Front 370

# v=c/n

Back 370

#

Front 371

# When dealing w/ electron configuration of ions, substract from highest energy level: Zn: [Ar]4s^2 3d^10 => Zn2+: [Ar]3d^10 ????????????

Back 371

#

Front 372

# Whenever you use a manometer, you have to assume that the gas is ideal and that the gas is chemically and physically immiscible w/ mercury.

Back 372

#

Front 373

# The enthalpy of formation of HCl (g) from H2(g_ and Cl2(g_ is -92.3 kG/mol. The pressure measured at equil is lower than the pressure imediately following the rxn. After one hr the rxn is at equil and will not be generating any net heat, so temp should equal RT. B/c rxn is exothermic, gas expands intially, causing the pressure reading to peak. As equil is established, the gas cook and contracts and teh final pressure reading at equil will be to lower than the intial peak.

Back 373

#

Front 374

# Due to moelcular mass, each mmH2o in the manometer represent less than that of each mmHg.

Back 374

#

Front 375

# All intermolceular forces cause th emoeclules to ccupy less volume and exert less pressure than they would otehrwise b/c individual molecules are grouping themselves together.

Back 375

#

Front 376

# Gases are compressible.

Back 376

#

Front 377

# Viscosity is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces.

Back 377

#

Front 378

# Fluid w/ low fiscosity flowing faster through a narrow segment of a hydraulic system has a lower internal pressure (Bernoulies).

Back 378

#

Front 379

# SHAPE: BF3 (trigonal planar); PH3, NH3 (trigonal pyramid); H2O (Bent); CH4 (tetrahedral)..

Back 379

#

Front 380

# Only transverse waves are capable of being polarized. Sound waves are longitudinal and cannot be polarized.

Back 380

#

Front 381

# Cell voltage = E_red + E_oxid

Back 381

#

Front 382

# Standard temperature and pressure: 273K and 1atm

Back 382

#

Front 383

# Temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of that gas.

Back 383

#

Front 384

# When looking for the voltage in a diagram, make sure that there isn't a transformer. A transformer steps up the voltage!

Back 384

#

Front 385

# The voltage across a capacitor's plates does not increase with the introduction of a dielectric.

Back 385

#

Front 386

Why is it important to insure that the patient is not in electrical contact with the ground while the defibrillator is in use?

Back 386

When there is no ground connection, all the current is forced through the patient's heart, despite the relatively large resistance of the patient's body. However, if the patient is in contact w/ the ground, this provides a path of far less resistance than the patient's body, resulting in most of the current flowing through the ground, rather than through the patient. This will render the defibrillator ineffective.

Front 387

# For electrodes, want to increase the area of the electrode to distribute the current and reduce the current density… so the person will be less likely to be burned.

Back 387

#

Front 388

# E=0.5kQV

Back 388

#

Front 389

# The more basic the leaching solution, the more hydrogen is likely to be released. This will result in a larger reading for the pH dependent charge.

Back 389

#

Front 390

HNO3 => HNO2 => H2N2O2 => N2O => N2; If all the oxygen in the nitric acid is converted to water, how many additional equivalents of acid will be consumed during the porduction of 5M nitrogen.

Back 390

Each mole of nitrogen is a bimolecular molecule. Therefore to produce 5 moles of N2, you would need 10 moles of HNO3. Ten moes of nitric acid contain thirty moles of oxygen. TO convert this oxygen into water, you would need 60 moles of hydrogen. The 10 moles of nitric acid provides only 10 moles of hydrogen ions; therefore you would need another 50 moles, which is the same as 50 equivalents of acid.

Front 391

# Power = Energy/time; where time is in seconds (3600 seconds/hour!)

Back 391

#

Front 392

# Minimum frequency of light that can cause a metal to eject electrons is called the threshold frequency and can be determien from the work function of the metal. Say an electron in metal must receive at least x electron-volts of energy in order to be ejected. ANY SURPLUS ENERGY WILL BE CONVERTED TO KE OF THE ELECTRONS. The energy of incident light is equal to hf. The KE of the electron that is ejected from the metal is hf-x.

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Front 393

# When orbitals from different atoms with the same sign overlap to form bonds, they are called bonding orbitals. Bonding orbitals have lower energy than their component atomic orbitals. ( ++ and -- are bonding)

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Front 394

# When oribtals from different atoms with opposite signs overlap, they form antibonding orbitals. Antibonding orbitals are higher in energy than the original atomic orbitals. ( +- is antibonding)

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Front 395

# Longer conjugated polyenes have a greater number of pi orbitals, and therefore a greater # of possible molecular orbitals. This produces smaller energy transitions, allowing for absorption of photons at a lower energy and longer wavelegnth.

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Front 396

# The energy level transition from lowest to highest will go from sp to sp2 to sp3.

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Front 397

# Principle quantum number determine which principal energy level the electron is in, n=1, n=2, etc. The second quantum # is the azimuthal number designated by l which determines the subshell s,p,d, or f. Azimuthal quantum number can also be referred to as angular momentum quantum number. The 3rd quantum #, the magnetic quantum number specifies the particular orbitals within a subshell and is given by m_l.

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Front 398

# sqrt(2)/2 = 0.7

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Front 399

# 5megavolt = 5e6 volts

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Front 400

# If the equivalents are equal (equal normalities), the neutralization of 25mL of weak base will require a full 25mL of strong acid.

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Front 401

# Electric field has magnitude given by kQ/r^2 where k is the electrostatic constant, Q is the magnitude of the charge, and r is the distance btw the charge and the point in question.

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Front 402

# For electric field, it points AWAY FROM POSITIVE CHARGE and TOWARDS A NEGATIVE CHARGE.

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Front 403

# Equilibrium constant for step 1 is equal to k_1/k_neg1 where k_1 is the rate constant for the forward rxn in step 1 and k_neg1 is the rate constant for the reverse reaction.

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Front 404

# k_1/k_neg1 does not imply that a rxn is at equilibrium. In fact k_1/k_neg1 is the Equilibrium Constant; and wil only equal 1 at equilibrium if the concentrations of the reactants and products are exactly equal at equilibrium.

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Front 405

# Increasing the concentration of reactants in a voltaic cell increases both the voltage and the spontaneity of the reaction. If the rate of the rxn changes, then the volage or potential also changes. If the concentration of reactants is increased, then the reaction will move more quickly to the right, producing more electrons at the anode and using more at the cathod, thus increasing voltage. deltaG=-nFE so if voltage increases, the spontaneity increases as well.

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Front 406

# A positive cell potential means that the reaction is pstonaneous and the cell must be galvanic.

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Front 407

# The species on the left-hand side of the cell diagram is the anode; and the species on the right hand side is the cathode.

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Front 408

# natural log of 10 = 2.3

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Front 409

# Standard conditions: 1 atmosphere pressure and 1 molar concentration for each reacting species.

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Front 410

# For Zn(s)|Zn2+(0.2 M)||Cu2+(0.02M)|Cu(s)… E = E_degree - RT/ZF*ln(Zn2+/Cu2+)

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Front 411

# E=qV … doesn't matter the distane that the charge is accelerated through. All that matters is the magnitude of the potential difference that accelerates the charge, and the magnitude of the charge itself.

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Front 412

# The direction of the electric field is the direction in which a positive charge would accelerate in that field.

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Front 413

# By doubling the current, we double the rate at which electrons are produced. However, the energy of each electron doesn't change. Since the max freq of an Xray depends only on the electron's energy, increasing the # of electrons produced will have no effect on the max req of the X-rays produced.

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Front 414

# Lower energy Xrays are absorbed more easily than higher energy Xrays. Materials with high densities absorb Xrays more readily than materials w/ lower densities.

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Front 415

# If buffer region will be flat, not steep.

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Front 416

# Molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute per kg of SOLVENT.

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Front 417

# DNA is a highly polar substance is therefore more soluble in an aqueous solution than in a solvent composed mostly of ethanol.

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Front 418

# When SHM occurs, the speed is maximum at the equilibrium position.

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Front 419

# For a horizontal spring0mass system, the equilibrium position of the mass corresponds to the spring being neither stretched nor compressed. But with a verticale spring-mass system, the stiutation is different. When the mass is in equilibrium, the string is stretched.

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Front 420

# T = 2*pi*sqrt(m/k).

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Front 421

# System with two springs (both springs k) is replaced by a singple spring system with spring constant k'. The ratio of k' to k is 2.

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Front 422

# The net force on a spring is Fnet=ma=T-mg => T=mg+ma (up is defined as the positive direction here). Therefore, the equilibrium length of the spring would be greater when the elevator is accelerating upward.

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Front 423

# The energy difference between the n=inf and the n=1 state is the binding energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom.

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Front 424

# The resistance of an electrolyte increases with decreasing temperature.

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Front 425

# The reason that the battery "goes dead" with decreasing temperature is that the viscosity of the electrolyte increases. At higher viscosities the ions are moving much slower, which leads to an increase in resistance and a decrease in the power output.

Back 425

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Front 426

# As current passes through a resistor, the tempreature of the resistor will increase. A moving electron hits an atom which is basically stationary and starts it in motion. This means that the electron transfer some of its kinetic energy to the atom. So the electron's KE actually decreases as a result of the collision.

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Front 427

# As current passes through a resistor, the temp of the resistor will increase. The average KE of the atoms in the resistor increases as a result of the collisions w/ the ELECTRONS in the current.

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Front 428

# blood pH can be adjusted rapidly by changes in the rate of CO2 exhalation.

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Front 429

# For a graph showing titration of 0.01M H3PO4 with 10M NaOH. The region of the tiration curve with the concentration of H2PO4 become equal to that of PO42- is the second plateau phase… [Kaplan FL2 q#21]

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Front 430

# Metals have partially filled valence bands. This means that there are low energy unoccupied atomic orbitals.

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Front 431

# Heat increases the conductivity of a semiconductor by breaking covalent bonds and by raising electrons to a higher energy level.

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Front 432

# Phosphorous and boron atoms enhance the conductivity of silicon b/c they have different number of valence electrons.

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Front 433

# Stimulated emission of photons is necessary in order to produce a coherent beam of light instead of spontaenous emissionh

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Front 434

# If something is less stable tha another, than it has a higher potential energy, and more energy will be reased…

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Front 435

# The shape of a molecules of NH3 is pyramidal. According to the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, a central atom surrounded by three bonding pairs of electrons and one lone pair of electrons has a pyramidal geometry.

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Front 436

# When heat is absorbed during a reaction, delta(H) is positive. The melting of ice require absorption of heat to disrupt the attractions btw molecules, so the change in enthalpy is positive.

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Front 437

# Impulse is equal to change in momentum… so keeping impulse constant, doubling the mass will halve v_o.

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Front 438

# As the angle of the barrel to the horizontal increases, the work done doesn't change b/c the air pressure behind the disk is unchanged. The softball will still aquire a KE equal to 0.5mv^2,

Back 438

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Front 439

# The particle theory of light is supported by the fact that energy of light is quantized.

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Front 440

# E=hf; The photon energy is a property of a particle and frequency is a property of a wave.

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Front 441

# Helium, a noble gas, is very unreactive and would almost certainly not react with any of the spceies in the furnace where the following rxn takes place: CO2+C<=>2CO. B/c helium doesn't react with any of the psecies that participate in the equil, the equil is unaffected by the addition of He. Even tho it increases the total pressure inside the sys, the partial pressures of the reacting gases are uncahnged (Dalton's law) and tehrefore they keep on behaving as if the helium weren't present.

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Front 442

# CO2(g) + C(s) <=> 2CO(g); since there are more moles of gas in the products htan in the reactants, there is an increase in entropy meaning tha thte sign of the change is positive entropy.

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Front 443

# The pressure of a gas is directly proportion to its temperature in Kelvins.

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Front 444

# The vast majority of covalent compounds are comprised exclusively of nonmetallic elements, whereas binary ionic compounds are made up of a metal and a nonmetal.

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Front 445

# NaI is an ionic bond b/c its composed of a metal and nonmetal. HBr(g) is covalent b/c they are both nonmetals.

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Front 446

# an aqueous solution of an ionic compound conducts electricity.

Back 446

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Front 447

# The higher the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy of the components of the reaction.

Back 447

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Front 448

# High levels of CO2 in the atmosphere would result in CO2 dissoled in the waer. When CO2 dissolves in water it becomes carbonic acid, causing a decrease in the pH>

Back 448

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Front 449

# Iontermolecular forces and the physical structure of the molecules determien the structure of the string at the molecular level. Physically stretching the string affects the intermolecular forces (which are primarily electrostatic) and the bond lengths within the molecules. Therefore, th emechanism that supplies the tension in teh string at the molecular level is stretching bond lengths.

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Front 450

# Buoyance force is the weogjt of the solution that is displaced (NOT THE OBJECT)

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Front 451

What verticale forces are acting on a balloon as it ascends in a pool?

Back 451

Only water pressure, buoyancy, and gravity act on the balloon. Of these, gravity and buoyancy act in the verticle direction, while water pressure acts perpendicularly to all surfaces of the balloon.

Front 452

# H2(g) produced at the cathode b/c of reaction 2H+(aq) + 2e- => H2.

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Front 453

What is the electron configuraiton of the metal ion produced when Ca reacted water?

Back 453

You have to do it for Ca2+ b/c when Ca reacts with water. Ca(2) + 2H2O(l) => Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g). Ca2+ has 18 electrons instead of the 20 electrons that Ca(s) has.

Front 454

# The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is the ionization potential. The reactivity of a metal depends on its ionization potential. Therefore, potassium has the smaller ionization potential than Sodium (which is above it), and therefore will react more vigorously.

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Front 455

# In insulators, the valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, and it takes a great amount of energy to free them from their atomic energy levels.

Back 455

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Front 456

# In water, carbonate will undergo the following reaction: CO32–(aq) + H2O(l) ® HCO3–(aq) + OH–(aq). Red litmus paper will turn blue in a base. Thus, C is the best answer.

Back 456

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Front 457

# HCl reacts with CO32– to form CO2(g).

Back 457

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Front 458

# The solution containing nickel(II) ions is green-colored. The color arises because nickel(II) ion has partially filled d orbitals and the electrons in the lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light to move to the higher energy d orbitals.

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Front 459

# The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is always E  W. Note that because Metal L has WL > E, the maximum K = 0 (there are no photoelectrons).

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Front 460

# At the core of the photoelectric effect is the concept that even a single photon can release a photoelectron, but only if that photon carries enough energy. Intensity in the photon picture is a measure of how many photons are arriving each second, not how much energy each photon has. This means that photoelectrons can be released even when only a few high-energy photons are present. If, however, the photon energy is too low, even a flood of photons will not release any photoelectrons.

Back 460

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Front 461

# The precipitation reactions in Table 1 are the result of mixing aqueous solutions of cations and anions. The ionic compounds switch the ions with which they are paired. These are reactions of the type AB + CD => AD + CB, where one of the products is a precipitate. This type of reaction is a metathesis reaction.

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Front 462

# If the liquid and the vapor have the same temperature, then the average kinetic energy of the liquid and the vapor must be the same. The molecules that escape from the liquid are those with greater than the average kinetic energy. It takes energy for the molecules to escape from the liquid.

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Front 463

# Within still air, the speed of sound remains constant.

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Front 464

# A change in momentum can be accomplished by the action of a force F over a time interval delta(t). This product, F*delta(t), is referred to as an impulse.

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