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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary differences between protein-calorie malnutrition and metabolic response to injury:
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with protein-calorie malnutrition hormone changes stimulate hypothalamic response to starvation to increase drive to eat, decrease energy expenditure, fat metabolism is the principal source of energy. With injury or illness, metabolism is increased leading to excessive breakdown of tissue protein due to inflammatory mediators and increased levels of cortisol.
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Formula for maintenance energy requirements:
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DE (digestible energy) in Mcal/day = 1.4 + (BW x 0.03)
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What is the difference between maintenance requirements and resting requirements?
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Maintenance requirements are for normally active, nonworking horses and resting requirements are for a completely inactive horse in a thermoneutral environment (approximately 70% of maintenance requirements)
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formula for protein requirements:
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crude protein (g) = 40 x DEm (in Mcal/day)
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Fat soluable vitamins:
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A, D, E, K
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Water soluable vitamins:
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B, C
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Source of K, B (-niacin):
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synthesized by gi flora in LC and cecum
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Source of D, C, niacin:
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produced in individual
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Source of A, beta carotene, E:
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precursors are ingested then produced in individual
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Benefits of enteral nutrition:
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maintains functional and structural integrity of the gut
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Sequella of the absence of enteral nutrition:
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mucosal atrophy, increased gut permeability, enzymatic dysfunction
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Define early enteral nutrition:
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initiation of enteral feeding within 48 hours of surgery
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Complications of parenteral nutrition:
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hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia, hyperlipemia, increased BUN, thrombophlebitis, sepsis
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Complications associated with lipid administration:
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thrombocytopenia, fat embolism, coagulopathies, alteration of cellular immunity
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Formula for preparing parenteral nutrition:
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1L 50% dextrose, 1.5L 10% amino acids, 0.5L 20% lipid
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