Auer Ch 59 Testis

Front 1

Back 1

Elastrator

Front 2

Back 2

Front 3

Back 3

Front 4

Back 4

inguinal hernia

Front 5

Back 5

inguinal rupture

Front 6

Back 6

Front 7

Back 7

ruptured inguinal hernia

Front 8

Back 8

Front 9

Back 9

Front 10

Components of the male reproductive anatomy:

Back 10

scrotum, testis, epididymis, inguinal canal, tunics, gubernaculum, and spermatic cord

Front 11

What is the tunica dartos?

Back 11

muscle that relaxes with heat and contracts with cold to held regulate testicular temperature and change the size of the scrotum, in the median plane of the tunica dartos divides the scrotum into left and right halves

Front 12

Scrotal arterial supply:

Back 12

external pudendal artery

Front 13

Nervous supply to scrotum:

Back 13

genitofemoral nerve

Front 14

How do the left and right testes differ?

Back 14

left is usually larger and more caudal than the right

Front 15

What is the tunica albuginea?

Back 15

inelastic capsule over the testis, which forms septa of connective tissue to divide the testis into lobules

Front 16

What is contained in each testicular lobule?

Back 16

seminiferous tubules, sertoli cells, and interstitial cells

Front 17

What lines seminiferous tubules?

Back 17

spermatogonia attached to a basement membrane. As the spermatogonia mature they are pushed toward the lumen to emerge as spermatozoa

Front 18

What stimulate emergence of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubule?

Back 18

FSH

Front 19

Function of sertoli cells:

Back 19

provide mechanical and nutrition support to the developing spermatozoa

Front 20

Function of interstitial cells:

Back 20

produce androgens and estrogens

Front 21

Alterntive name for interstitial cells:

Back 21

leydig cells

Front 22

Regions of the epididymis:

Back 22

head, body and tail

Front 23

Where is the head of the epididymis?

Back 23

cranial pole of the testis

Front 24

What is the head of the epididymis composed of?

Back 24

efferent ductules of the testis unite to form a single coiled tube, which are the body and tail of the epididymis

Front 25

Where is the body of the epididymis?

Back 25

dorsolateral surface of the testis

Front 26

Where is the tail of the epididymis?

Back 26

projects beyond the caudal border of the testis, wraps medially

Front 27

What is the continuation of the epididymis?

Back 27

ductus deferens

Front 28

Function of the epididymis:

Back 28

receives immature sperm and with ejaculation, peristaltic motion force sperm from the epididymis to the ductus deferens

Front 29

What is in the inguinal canal?

Back 29

spermatic cord, genitofemoral nerve, external pudendal vasculature, and efferent lymphatics pass through the canal

Front 30

What are the borders of deep inguinal ring?

Back 30

caudal edge of the IAO is the cranial border, the rectus abdominus and prepubic tendon (prepubic tendon is the tendon of insertion of the rectus abdominus) are the ventral and medial border and the inguinal ligament is the caudal border

Front 31

What is the external opening of inguinal canal?

Back 31

superficial inguinal ring is slit in the external abdominal oblique muscle

Front 32

How are the deep and superficial inguinal rings aligned?

Back 32

medial are aligned but the lateral borders are divergent making the medial aspect of the canal shorter than the lateral aspect

Front 33

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Back 33

extension of the peritoneum, and has a visceral and parietal surface

Front 34

What is the vaginal process?

Back 34

Sac formed of the visceral surface adhered to the tunica albuginea and the parietal surface is continuous with the parietal periton

Front 35

What is the vaginal ring?

Back 35

ring that forms as the peritoneum invaginates into the canal through the deep inguinal ring

Front 36

What is the gubernaculum?

Back 36

fetal cord that extends from the fetal testis to the scrotum and guides decent into the scrotum

Front 37

When do the fetal gonads arise during gestation?

Back 37

Day 40

Front 38

What and when does the vaginal process form during gestation?

Back 38

gubernaculum extends from the caudal pole of the testis and ends in an expansion between the internal and external abdominal oblique muscles, with peritoneal lining penetrating this area around day 45 of gestation

Front 39

What begins at 5 months of gestation?

Back 39

testicle hypertrophies under the influence of the leydig cells, the cephalic (suspensory) ligament atrophies, and the epididymis begins decent into the vaginal process

Front 40

What occrurs at 8.5 months of gestation?

Back 40

gubernaculum begins to shorten and the testicle shrinks in size due to loss of leydig cells. The epididymis and subperitoneal gubernaculum dilate the vaginal ring and inguinal canal

Front 41

When does the testicle passes into the inguinal canal?

Back 41

around 270-300 days of gestation

Front 42

When does the testicle descend into the scrotum?

Back 42

Within a few days of birth

Front 43

When does the vaginal ring contract?

Back 43

within a few weeks of life

Front 44

What are the parts of fetal gubernaculum?

Back 44

Cranial, middle, caudal

Front 45

Where is the cranial portion of the gubernaculum?

Back 45

between the testis and the epididymis

Front 46

What does the cranial portion of the gubernaculum become?

Back 46

proper ligament of the testis.

Front 47

Where is the middle portion of the gubernaculum?

Back 47

between the epididymis and the point of entry of the gubernaculum at the inguinal ring

Front 48

What does the middle portion of the gubernaculum become?

Back 48

ligament of the tail of the epididymis

Front 49

Function of the ligament of the tail of the epididymis?

Back 49

connects the tail of the epididymis to the parietal tunic

Front 50

Where is the caudal portion of the gubernaculum?

Back 50

extends from the abdominal wall to the scrotum

Front 51

What does the caudal portion of the gubernaculum become?

Back 51

scrotal ligament,

Front 52

Function of the scrotal ligament?

Back 52

connecting the parietal tunic to the scrotum

Front 53

What is the scrotal ligament called in a cryptorchid?

Back 53

inguinal extension of the gubernaculum testis

Front 54

Components of the spermatic cord:

Back 54

tunica vaginalis, vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and the ductus deferens

Front 55

Function of the cremaster?

Back 55

contracts to retract the testicle

Front 56

Arterial supply to the cremaster?

Back 56

cremasteric artery

Front 57

What is the mesorchium?

Back 57

fold of the parietal tunic enclosing the neurovascular portions of the cord

Front 58

What is the mesoductus ?

Back 58

fold of the parietal tunic enclosing the ductus deferens

Front 59

What is the mesofuniculum?

Back 59

thin portion of the mesorchium between the mesoductus and the parital tunic

Front 60

Arterial supply to the ductus deferens:

Back 60

deferential branch of the umbilical artery

Front 61

What are the branches of ehe testicular artery?

Back 61

epididymal artery

Front 62

Arterial supply to the testicle?

Back 62

Testicular artery, epidydmal artery cremasteric artery, deferential artery

Front 63

What is the panpiniform plexus?

Back 63

Tortuous portions of the testicular artery and vein in the cord

Front 64

Where does the testicular artery empty?

Back 64

right testicular vein drains to the caudal vena cava and the left testicular vein drains to the left renal vein

Front 65

Monorchidism:

Back 65

complete absence of 1 testicle as a result of testicular degeneration

Front 66

When can testicular degeneration occur to produce monarchism?

Back 66

prior to birth or in an abdominally retained testis after birth from a vascular insult, such as spermatic cord torsion

Front 67

How is monorchidism confirmed?

Back 67

with hCG stimulation test after the contralateral testicle has been removed

Front 68

Complete abdominal cryptorchid:

Back 68

both the testis and epididymis retained in the abdomen

Front 69

Partial abdominal cryptorchid:

Back 69

retained abdominal testicle but the epididymis is within the inguinal canal

Front 70

Inguinal cryptorchid:

Back 70

both the testicle and epididymis within the inguinal canal

Front 71

Why is the retained testicle infertile?

Back 71

cannot produce sperm because of rudimentary development of the seminiferous tubules due to high temperature exposure but the leydig cells are capable of producing hormones

Front 72

Mechanisms of cryptorchidism:

Back 72

failure of the subperitoneal portion of the gubernaculum to enlarge the vaginal ring, failure of the subperitoneal portion to regress after enlargement of the vaginal ring, or failure of the testicle to regress to a size that can traverse the vaginal ring prior to ring constriction after birth

Front 73

What is the side predilection for cryptorchism?

Back 73

More left cryptorchids are abdominally retained than right, which may reflect natural testicular size. The smaller right testicle may be capable of traversing the vaginal ring and become retained in the inguinal canal while the larger left testicle fails to traverse the vaginal ring and becomes retained abdominally

Front 74

How are retained testicles diagnosed?

Back 74

testosterone concentration, hCG stimulation and testosterone concentration, and conjugated estrogen concentration

Front 75

How does testosterone distinguish cryptorchis?

Back 75

Intact stallions and cryptorchids have significantly higher concentrations of testosterone than geldings. Geldings tend to have testosterone values less than 40 pg/mL

Front 76

When is Testosterone concentration less accurate?

Back 76

horses less than 3 years old and in the winter

Front 77

How does Concentration of testosterone after hCG distinguish cryptorchids?

Back 77

should rise within 30 to 120 minutes (or longer) after administration IV of 6-12,000 units of hCG to horses with testicular tissues. Geldings had less than 40 pg/mL testosterone before and after stimulation while cryptorchid horses had values greater than 100pg/dL before and after stimulation

Front 78

When is hCG stimulation less accurate?

Back 78

horses less than 18 months and in the winter

Front 79

What is the most accurate at distinguishing geldings from cryptorchids?

Back 79

Conjugated estrogen

Front 80

When is conjugated estrogen less accurate?

Back 80

horses less than 3 years, donkeys

Front 81

How does estrogen concentration distinguish cryptorchids?

Back 81

less than 50pg/mL were classified as geldings and concentrations greater than 400pg/mL were cryptorchid

Front 82

When does Inguinal herniation occur?

Back 82

portion of the intestine travels through the vaginal ring and into the vaginal canal

Front 83

What is a scrotal hernia?

Back 83

intestine travels through the canal and into the scrotum

Front 84

What is a ruptured inguinal hernia?

Back 84

parietal tunic is ruptured

Front 85

What is an inguinal rupture?

Back 85

rent occurs in the peritoneum, allowing intestine to pass outside of the tunic into the scrotum

Front 86

What is a direct hernia?

Back 86

Intestine is outside of the vaginal tunic

Front 87

What is a indirect hernia?

Back 87

Intestine stays confined within the vaginal cavity

Front 88

How are Congenital hernias treated?

Back 88

Unless there is an inguinal rupture or a ruptured hernia, hernia should be reduced manually or a truss can be applied and worn for a week at a time

Front 89

How is a inguinal hernia truss constructed?

Back 89

rolled cotton packed into the superficial inguinal ring and held in place with elastic gauze, secured with a tape wrap in a figure 8 pattern over the hind quarters

Front 90

Approaches to surgical congenital hernia repair:

Back 90

open approach or laparoscopic

Front 91

Describe open approach for congenital hernia repair:

Back 91

incision is made over the superficial inguinal ring, vaginal sac isolated, and the scrotal ligament is transected. The intestine is reduced back to the abdomen, which can be facilitated by twisting the spermatic cord. After reduction, the spermatic cord is ligated and transected proximal to the superficial ring. For added security, the superficial inguinal ring can be sutured closed

Front 92

When is laparoscopy chosen for congenital inguinal hernias?

Back 92

non-strangulating hernias

Front 93

Describe laparoscopic congenital hernia repair:

Back 93

dorsal recumbency, intestine is guided back into the abdominal cavity as is the testicle. The testicle is ligated and transected intra-abdominally. The deep inguinal ring and vaginal ring are closed with laparoscopic staples or suturing

Front 94

Advantages of Laparoscopy for congenital hernia repair?

Back 94

quicker, has less post-operative swelling, and the foal has a shorter convalescence time

Front 95

Predilictions for Acquired inguinal hernias?

Back 95

more likely after exercise or breeding and there are breed predilications in standardbreds, drafts, and andalusians

Front 96

Complications of acquired inguinal hernias?

Back 96

Strangulation of the intestine by the vaginal ring can cause ischemic injury to the bowel, strangulation or obstruction of the spermatic vasculature causes ischemic injury to the testicle

Front 97

Treatment options for acquired inguinal hernias:

Back 97

If detected early, an attempt can be made to manually reduce the hernia with either external manipulation or manipulation per rectum. If there is question of strangulation or the hernia cannot be reduced manually, correction is approached in dorsal recumbency with either a single incision over the inguinal ring or a combined approach with an incision over the inguinal ring and a ventral celiotomy incision (midline, paramedian, parainguinal)

Front 98

How is reherniation prevented with acquired inguinal hernias?

Back 98

If the testicle is removed, reherniation is prevented by ligation of the spermatic cord as proximal as possible, closure of the superficial inguinal ring, or gauze packing of the inguinal canal for 24-48 hours. If the testicle is not removed, reherniation is prevented by suturing the superficial inguinal ring around the spermatic cord, or in a second procedure to laparoscopically cover the deep inguinal ring or vaginal ring

Front 99

What are the laparoscopic options for reventing reherniation in a stallion without the testicle removed?

Back 99

placement of a mesh beneath the peritoneum and over the deep inguinal ring, creation of a peritoneal flap which is sutured or stapled over the ring, or placing a coil within the inguinal canal.

Front 100

What is Torsion of the spermatic cord?

Back 100

cord rotates on its vertical axis, usually within the vaginal process

Front 101

Predisposition for torsion of the spermatic cord?

Back 101

abnormally long ligament of the tail of the epididymis or proper ligament of the testis

Front 102

What is Rotation the spermatic cord of 180 degrees associated with?

Back 102

may be an incidental finding and cause no clinical signs of pain, but may be associated with subpar testicular function

Front 103

What is rotation of the spermatic cord of 360 degrees or greater associated with?

Back 103

pain and enlargement of the testicle and cord

Front 104

How is clinical torsion of the spermatic cord treated?

Back 104

removal of the affected testicle

Front 105

What can be done to prevent torsion of the spermatic cord?

Back 105

In cases in which the rotation was thought to have occurred because of abnormally long testicular ligaments, the contralateral testicle can be fixed in position (orchidopexy or orchiopexy) by placing non-absorbable suture through the tunica albuginea and tunica dartos at the cranial and caudal pole of the testis

Front 106

What is a hydrocele (vaginocele)?

Back 106

abnormal collection of normal fluid in the vaginal cavity because egress of fluid through the lymphatics and veins is slower than production, or because of excess peritoneal fluid which enters the vaginal cavity

Front 107

When do hydroceles develop?

Back 107

in association with testicular neoplasia, 180 degree torsion of the spermatic cord, trauma, parasitic migration, hot weather, or with open castration, especially in mules

Front 108

Treatment of hydrocele?

Back 108

removal of the affected testicle prior to temperature induced dysfunction affecting the contralateral testicle, sac dissected free from fascia, scrotal ligament transected and sac is removed in geldings or no treatment is needed if the hydrocele is not enlarging, and does bother the horse or the owner

Front 109

What is a hemetocele?

Back 109

blood within the vaginal cavity rather than normal fluid

Front 110

When does hematocele occur?

Back 110

testicular trauma or an extension of hemoabdomen

Front 111

Treatment of hematocele?

Back 111

blood should be lavaged from the vaginal cavity to prevent thermal-induced testicular dysfunction. If the integrity of the tunica albuginea is unknown, the testicle should be surgically explored. If the tunica albuginea is ruptured, it should be sutured or the testicle should be removed

Front 112

What is Rupture of the tunica albuginea associated with?

Back 112

breach of the blood-testicle barrier and exposure to spermatozoa in the parenchyma of the testicle can cause an immunologic reaction

Front 113

What is a varicocele?

Back 113

abnormal enlargement of the panpiniform plexus because of valvular incompetence at the level of the caudal vena cava or renal vein causes reflux of blood into the plexus

Front 114

What does varicocele cause?

Back 114

alters the counter-current heat exchange between the plexus and the testicular artery which may induce testicular dysfunction

Front 115

Treatment for varicocele?

Back 115

removal of the testicle and cord if there is testicular dysfunction

Front 116

Treatment for Retraction of the testicle into the inguinal canal?

Back 116

cremaster muscle can be transected with an approach over the long axis of the spermatic cord. A 3cm section of the cremaster is resected and fascia and skin are closed after resection

Front 117

Germinal cell testicular tumors:

Back 117

seminomas, teratomas, teratocarcinoma, and embryonic carcinomas

Front 118

Non-germinal testicular cell tumors:

Back 118

sertoli cell tumors and leydig cell tumors

Front 119

Most common testicular tumors?

Back 119

Seminomas are most common, then teratomas

Front 120

Origin of seminomas?

Back 120

arise from seminiferous tubules

Front 121

Origin of Teratomas?

Back 121

arise from multiple tissues of different embryologic origin

Front 122

Origin of Teratocarcinoma?

Back 122

mixture of neoplastic differentiated tissue and undifferentiated embryonic tissues

Front 123

Origin of embryonic carcinomas?

Back 123

only neoplastic undifferentiated embryonic tissue

Front 124

What defines sexual identity?

Back 124

genetic makeup, gonads, and morphology of accessory genitals

Front 125

What is an intersex?

Back 125

Differs in 1 of the definitions of sexual identity

Front 126

What is a true hermaphrodite?

Back 126

has both ovarian and testicular tissue. Gonads can be either 1 of each or may consist of both testicular and ovarian tissue (ovoteste). External genitalia usually trends toward one sex but does represent both sexes

Front 127

What are pseudohermaphrodites?

Back 127

have the gonads of only 1 sex but the external genitalia of the other sex

Front 128

What form of pseudohermaphrodite is most common?

Back 128

Male, with hypoplastic abdominally retained testicles and a rudimentary penis which resembles a clitoris

Front 129

only method of direct assessment of stages of spermatogenesis:

Back 129

Testicular needle biopsy

Front 130

how is testicular needle biopsy performed?

Back 130

under sedation and local anesthesia with a vim-silverman needle or a automated biopsy needle

Front 131

most ideal ideal location of needle biopsy?

Back 131

craniolateral quarter of the testis, where there is less vasculature and is away from the head of the epididymis

Front 132

Castration Incisional approaches:

Back 132

scrotal, inguinal, per primam, or laparoscopic

Front 133

Options for scrotal castratio incision:

Back 133

single incision, 2 incisions on either side of the raphe, or removing the bottom portion of the scrotum

Front 134

Surgical castration options:

Back 134

open, closed, and half-closed

Front 135

What is Open castration technique?

Back 135

parietal tunic is incised and the tail of the epididymis and the fold of the mesorchium is transected to exteriorize the testis, epididymis, and distal spermatic cord

Front 136

What is closed castration technique?

Back 136

fascia is stripped off of the parietal tunic to expose the testicle and distal cord within the tunic

Front 137

What is half-closed castration technique?

Back 137

small incision is made in the parietal tunic and the contents are prolapsed from the incision in the tunic

Front 138

Equipment for emasculation:

Back 138

white’s, reimer, serra, sand’s, or the Henderson equine castrating instrument

Front 139

Benefit of Half-closed and closed castration:

Back 139

decreasing post-operative complication because the parietal tunic is removed and half-closed allows inspection of the tunic contents

Front 140

Disadvantages of Half-closed and closed castration?

Back 140

require more dissection so may take longer and may not be advantageous in standing castration

Front 141

What reduces risk of evisceration?

Back 141

ligature is placed proximally on the spermatic cord prior to transection

Front 142

Benefits of leaving castration incision open?

Back 142

improves drainage

Front 143

Benefits of Primary closure of the incision with castration?

Back 143

speeds recovery and healing, decreases pain and edema, and is beneficial when post-operative exercise can not be enforced

Front 144

Disadvantages of primary closure of incision with castration?

Back 144

need for meticulous hemostasis, adherence to aspectic technique, and time required for closure

Front 145

When does Testorsterone level fall after castration?

Back 145

within 2 days

Front 146

Describe Per primam castrastion:

Back 146

dorsal recumbency, incision is made over the superficial inguinal ring after pushing the testicle from the scrotum over the ring. The parietal tunic is incised longitudinally. Within the tunic, the tail of the epididymis is identified and used to evert the testicle from the vaginal cavity. Ligatures are applied proximally on the cord prior to transection. The parietal tunic is closed prior to closure of the primary incision

Front 147

Benefit of per primam castration?

Back 147

In horses older than 2 years to decrease the likelihood of evisceration

Front 148

Describe Laparoscopic castration:

Back 148

Using either electrosurgery equipment in combination with ligatures or a ligasure, the testicular vessels and ductus deferens are occluded. Both testicles can be approached from 1 side. Post-operatively, the testicle initially swell with loss of blood supply but eventually atrophy

Front 149

When do testosterone levels fall after laparoscopic castration?

Back 149

within 7 days

Front 150

Complication of laparoscopic castration:

Back 150

alternative blood supply to the testicle (cremasteric artery, external pudendal artery) are sufficient to allow persistent hormonal production and stallion-like behavior

Front 151

Describe Vasectomy:

Back 151

dorsal recumbency, longitudinal incision is made over the testis and the ductus deferens is identified. 3 ligatures are placed on the ductus and a 2-3 cm portion is removed between the 2 proximal ligatures and a distal ligature. The process is repeated for the opposite ductus deferens through the same incision. The tunic is closed prior to skin closure

Front 152

Cryptorchid Standing approaches:

Back 152

flank and laparoscopic

Front 153

Cryptorchid Recumbent approaches:

Back 153

inguinal, parainguinal, suprapubic paramedian, flank and laparoscopic

Front 154

non-invasive cryptorchid castration:

Back 154

Inguinal, parainguinal and laparoscopic

Front 155

invasive cyrptorchid approaches:

Back 155

suprapubic paramedian and flank

Front 156

indications Flank and suprapubic paramedian cyrptorchid castration:

Back 156

only used for abdominally retained testicles

Front 157

describe inguinal cryptorchid castration:

Back 157

incision is made over the superficial inguinal ring. Fascia is digitally transected to expose the inguinal canal. If the testicle is in the inguinal canal it can be exposed. The vaginal sac should be opened to ensure that all structures are being removed. If the testicle is abdominal, the vaginal process must be located. The vaginal process is usually inverted in the abdomen with a complete abdominal cryptorchid but may be in the inguinal canal if the epididymis is retained in the inguinal canal. Once the vaginal process has been exteriorized, a small incision is made and the epididymis is grasped and retracted to evert the testicle. Once exteriorized, the testicle and cord are emasculated or ligated and transected.

Front 158

how can the inverted vaginal process be identified in cryptorchid castration?

Back 158

locating the inguinal extension of the gubernaculum testis, traction can be placed on it, following to the vaginal process. Another option is passing a finger into the inguinal ring, placing it into the vaginal process, then guiding sponge forceps into the ring to grasp and retract the vaginal process

Front 159

where is the IEGT located?

Back 159

usually at the medial or lateral aspect of the cranial to mid-portion of the ring

Front 160

what should the IEGT be distinguished from?

Back 160

genitofemoral nerve, which usually runs in the mid- to caudal third of the ring

Front 161

how is risk of evisceration decreased with inguinal cryptorchid castration?

Back 161

superficial inguinal ring should be closed or the inguinal canal is packed with gauze that is maintained for 24-36 hours before removal

Front 162

Advantages of the inguinal cryptorchid approach:

Back 162

locating the testicle is not necessary before surgery, is rapid, and has a small incision

Front 163

Describe parainguinal cryptorchid approach:

Back 163

incision 1-2 cm medial and parallel to the superficial inguinal ring, though the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle, centered over the cranial portion of the superficial inguinal ring. After penetrating the abdomen with digital pressure, a finger is sweep near the ring to grasp the epididymis, ductus deferens, or gubernaculum and exteriorizing through the incision. Once exteriorized, traction is used to help exteriorize the testicle, which is emasculated or ligated and transected. Once the testicle is removed, the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle is sutured. the approach incision can be left open or closed primarily.

Front 164

What is done if there is difficulty in locating the testicle with the parainguinal cryptorchid approach?

Back 164

incision can be converted to an invasive approach to allow the hand access the abdomen

Front 165

Benefits of the parainguinal approach:

Back 165

smaller incision, non-invasive

Front 166

Describe suprapubic paramedian cryptorchid approach:

Back 166

lateral to the preputial orifice and extends caudally. Subcutaneous vessels should be ligated. The rectus abdominus is split longitudinally and the abdomen is penetrated digitally. A hand is introduced and swept near the vaginal ring to grasp the testicle and exteriorize it. After testicle removal, the abdominal tunic, SQ, and skin are closed primarily.

Front 167

Disadvantages of suprapublic paramedian cryptorchid approach:

Back 167

long incision lengthens convalescence time, increased risk of evisceration

Front 168

Describe flank cryptorchid approach:

Back 168

incision is through a modified grid approach. A hand is introduced and the testicle can be removed after exteriorization or it can be removed intra-abdominally with an ecraseur. After removal, all layers, except for the peritoneum and transverse abdominal muscle are closed

Front 169

Describe Laparoscopic cryptorchid approach:

Back 169

testicle can be either exteriorized and removed or it can be ligated and transected intra-abdominally and removed through a widened instrument portal

Front 170

Options for intra-abdominal ligation and transection during laparoscopic cryptorchid approach:

Back 170

endoscopic clips, ligating loops, endoscopic scissors, mono or bipolar electrocoagulation, or vessel sealing devices such as ligasure or enseal

Front 171

Advantage of intra-abdominal transection with laparoscopic cryptorchid approach:

Back 171

stump can be visualized before removal. Removal of the testicle causes loss of insufflation which decreases visability and impairs ability to address hemorrhage if it has occurred

Front 172

Advantages of laparoscopic cryptorchectomy:

Back 172

simplicity in locating the testis, the vaginal ring is not disrupted which decreases evisceration risk, and shortens healing time

Front 173

Post-operative complication of castration:

Back 173

hemorrhage, evisceration, edema, colic, lameness, septic funiculitis, clostridial infection, septic peritonitis, penile damage, hydrocele, continued masculine behavior, and incomplete cryptorchid castration

Front 174

When does sustained hemorrhage occur?

Back 174

inadequate crushing of the testicular artery

Front 175

Methods to limit castration hemorrhage:

Back 175

applying the emasculators in the correct position and perpendicular to the cord, separating the cremaster from the cord prior to crushing, and placing ligatures proximal to emasculation

Front 176

Disadvantage of ligatures on the spermatic cord?

Back 176

increase risk of infection due to the presence of foreign material

Front 177

How is existing castration hemorrhage stopped?

Back 177

packing the scrotum with gauze and temporarily closing the scrotum for 24 hours, applying curved clamps across the distal end of the stump for 24 hours, or laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation of the testicular artery

Front 178

Side effects of formalin by direct injection IV:

Back 178

restlessness, lacrimation, salivation, elevation of the tail, nasal discharge, increased defecation, sweating, fasciculation, abdominal pain, and tenesmus

Front 179

When does Evisceration usually occur?

Back 179

within 4 hours of castration

Front 180

What is Septic funiculitis?

Back 180

infection of the spermatic cord and occurs from extension of scrotal infection or contaminated emasculators or ligature

Front 181

Medical therapy for septic funiculitis?

Back 181

systemic antimicrobials and re-establishment of drainage but is often unsuccessful

Front 182

Surgical therapy for septic funiculitis?

Back 182

removal of the infected stump

Front 183

What is Champignon?

Back 183

used to describe septic funiculitis caused by streptococcus bacteria and is characterized by purulent discharge and a muchroom-like mound of granulation tissue that protrudes from the incision

Front 184

What is scirrhous cord?

Back 184

used to describe septic funiculitis caused by staphylococcus bacteria and is characterized by enlargement of the cord and abscessation

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What is botryomycosis?

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Same as scirrhous cord

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Cause of Continued masculine behavior?

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most likely innate behavior and not caused by exragonadal production of androgens, unless the testicle was incompletely removed, as in the case of a cryptorchid having only the epididymis removed during castration

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Approach to routine Ruminant castration?

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scrotal incision and using a closed technique

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Additional castration option in ruminants:

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bloodless castration, usually with the application of elastic bands to the neck of the scrotum to cause ischemic vascular necrosis and sloughing of the testicles and scrotum in about 3 weeks

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Location of Scrotal or inguinal hernias in ruminants?

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Most are left sided, likely because the rumen weight disposes bull’s to lay with the left rear leg abducted

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What is a pseudohernia?

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prolapse of SQ fat into the inguinal canal

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Most common Type of inguinal hernia in ruminants:

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chronic, affecting testicular function, and can result in adhesions

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Surgical options for ruminant inguinal hernias:

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flank approach, which allows correction of herniation and closure of the vaginal ring, or an inguinal approach, with closure of the external inguinal ring after hernia correction