Auer Ch 100 Femur Pelvis

Front 1

Radiographic views of the femur:

Back 1

mediolateral, craniocaudal, ventrodorsal in dorsal recumbency

Front 2

Patient indications for femoral fracture repair:

Back 2

proximal fractures and mid-diaphyseal fractures in foals, small ponies, and mini; distal metaphyseal fractures in yearlings

Front 3

Approach to proximal (head and neck) femoral fractures:

Back 3

craniodorsal incision, parallel to proximal shaft of femur, gluteal tenectomy or trochanteric osteotomy, fixation with cortex or cannulated screws in lag or DHS plate

Front 4

What should be performed with trochanteric ostectomy?

Back 4

Pre-drill holes in trochanter for later tension band repair

Front 5

What are the complications of trochanteric ostectomy?

Back 5

Can cut too much off causing damage to caudal femoral head or can cut too little which obscures surgical view

Front 6

What is the advantage of cannulated screws in femoral head repair?

Back 6

Reduction is maintained by guide wire, depth and direction of drill and screw can be monitored constantly

Front 7

Disadvantage of cannulated screws in femoral head repair:

Back 7

weaker in bending than solid screws so higher risk of screw failure

Front 8

Minimum screws for femoral head repair:

Back 8

2 (rotational stability)

Front 9

Configuration of mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures:

Back 9

spiral or long oblique, comminuted

Front 10

Approach to surgical repair of mid-diaphyseal femoral fracture:

Back 10

lateral incision between greater trochanter and lacteral femoral condyle, transect attachments on 3rd trochanter, fix fracture with lag screw where they will not interfere with plate application, 4.5 LCP with 5.5 cortex and 5. LHS applied laterally, shorted cranial LCP placed; for simple diaphyseal fracture interlocking intramedullary nail with at least 2 5.5 cortex screws placed through bone and nail

Front 11

Complication of interlocking nail repair of diaphyseal femoral fracture:

Back 11

fracture through screw hole

Front 12

Most common distal femoral fracture:

Back 12

SH type 2 with a caudally positioned metaphyseal fragment

Front 13

Approach to distal femoral fracture:

Back 13

craniolateral incision between vastus lateralis and biceps femoris, transection of lateral femoropatellar ligament, parapatellar arthrotomy and patellar luxation, reduce fracture, screw placed from intercondylar notch to metaphysis, lateral DCS or condylar buttress plate applied with 5.0 LHS, 5.5 cortex or 6.5 cancellous screws

Front 14

Complications of femoral fracture repair:

Back 14

wound dehiscence, sepsis

Front 15

Under what circumstances does femoral fracture fixation failure occur?

Back 15

Defect in caudal cortex leading to excessive cyclic loading of implants

Front 16

When are implants removed after femoral fracture repair?

Back 16

If uncomplicated healing, not removed; in distal physeal fractures may have to remove if interferes with joint function

Front 17

What is the most common artery to be injured with pelvic fracture?

Back 17

Internal iliac

Front 18

What pelvic fractures are amenable to internal fixation?

Back 18

Iliac shaft fractures in foals

Front 19

Clinical appearance of coxofemoral luxations:

Back 19

very lame with distal limb externally roated and point of hock is higher than the contralateral hock viewed from behind

Front 20

Treatment of coxofemoral luxation:

Back 20

reduction and excision arthroplasty in mini horses and ponies

Front 21

Differentials for appearance of shortened hind limb in cattle:

Back 21

femoral fracture, coxofemoral luxation, cranial cruciate rupture, septic arthritis of CF joint

Front 22

Methods of internal fixation of femoral fracture in cattle:

Back 22

in neonates, intramedually pins, interlocking nails, plate and screw fixation

Front 23

Tension surface of the femur:

Back 23

lateral to craniolateral from mid-diaphysis proximally

Front 24

What is the predominate force on the distal aspect of the femur?

Back 24

Torsion

Front 25

Complications of intramedullary pin fixation of femur fracture in neonatal calves:

Back 25

pin migration, osteomyelitis

Front 26

How are intramedullary pins placed in neonatal calf femoral fractures?

Back 26

Normo- or retrograde with closed or open surgical techniques

Front 27

What is the benefit of interlocking nails over intramedullary pins in fixation of femoral fractures in calves?

Back 27

Nails provide rigid fixation in bending similar to IM pins but screws help lock fragments, providing compressive and torsional stability

Front 28

What type of SH is femoral head fracture?

Back 28

Type 1

Front 29

What is another term for type 1 SH fracture of femoral head?

Back 29

Slipped capital physis

Front 30

Which patients are more likely presented for femoral head fracture?

Back 30

Calves after forced fetal extraction or young (1-2 year old) bulls in group housing after trauma

Front 31

Internal fixation options for femoral head fractures in ruminants:

Back 31

5-6.32mm Steinman pin or 7-7.3 cannulated screw in lag, ostectomy of the femoral head

Front 32

Why does femoral head necrosis occur?

Back 32

Disruption of blood supply by disruption of the joint capsule and femoral neck

Front 33

Blood supply to femoral head:

Back 33

through round ligament of the head of the femur, joint capsule, femoral neck

Front 34

Neurologic deficits associated with sacral fractures in ruminants:

Back 34

cranial sacral fractures disrupt sciatic resulting in knuckling of the fetlock; cranial sacral fractures disrupt obturator nerve resulting in adduction deficit; damage to pelvic and pudendal nerves results in disorders or urination and defecation with flaccidity of the vulva and anus; injury to coccygeal nerves results in deviation of the tail, decreased tail tone

Front 35

Treatment of sacral fractures in ruminants:

Back 35

conservative management (rest, hobbling, NSAIDs), tail amputation with excessive soiling of the tail if doesn’t response to medical management, internal fixation with DCP or spinous process plate

Front 36

Direction of CF luxation in ruminants:

Back 36

usually craniodorsal but can also see cranioventral or luxation in the adductor foramen

Front 37

Treatment options for CF luxation in ruminants:

Back 37

closed or open reduction +/- reinforcement of the joint capsule with tension band wiring

Front 38

Advantages of open reduction of CF luxation in ruminants:

Back 38

joint capsule is prevented from or removed from being trapped in the joint and reinforcement with tension band wiring is possible

Front 39

Success rate of fixation of ruminant CF luxation repair:

Back 39

75% for craniodorsal, 30% for cranioventral