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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication chain- sender: linguistic level. Put thoughts into? send information from? requires??
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- Put thoughts into a LEXICON- an inventory of arranged words
- Send information from brain, to mouth, to nerve impulses, to sound waves - Requires SYNTAX (rules of how words are put together) - Requires SEMANTICS (the meaning of words) |
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Communication chain- sender: physiological level. Impulses to? Activation of?
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- Impulses to motor nerves
- Activation of muscles: lungs, vocal cords, tongue, lips, hands, face |
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Communication chain- sender: acoustic level or optical level. acoustic communication, visual communication
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- AC: sounds waves are sent out through speakers mouth
- VC- light waves aka changes in the patterns of light that the receiver sees as they watch the sender. --Hand signals, facial expressions, face and lip movement |
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Communication chain- sender: feedback link- monitoring of? adjustment to?
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- speaking to receiver as you hear yourself
- helps people to speak clearly an monitor themselves to make sure they are doing so - Monitoring of acoustic/visual output - adjustment to muscle activity |
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Communication chain- receiver: sensation of? processing of? decoding into?
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- sensation of acoustic optical stimuli
- processing of information - decoding into understanding |
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Development of the communication chain: how is language acquired? when?
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- language is acquired "naturally" through repeated exposure to the language early in life
- evidence of a critical period of development of a child's first language |
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hearing loss and breaks in the communication chain- 90% of deaf US children parents? this creates?
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- for about 90% of deaf US children both parents have normal hearing and their communication system is auditory-oral
- this creates an immediate break in the communication chain between parents and child |
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Definition of audiology- audio=? ogy=? logist=? audiologist=?
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- Audio: hearing
- Ogy: study of - Logist: expert in - Audiologist=expert in the study of hearing |
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Audiology- the discipline involved in the p, i, e, h, and r of individuals with hearing loss
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- prevention
- identification - evaluation- hearing disorders + hearing aids and other devices - habilitation- born it - rehabilitation- not born with it |
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History of audiology: 1940's- father of audiology?, 1960s and 1970s? 1990s?
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1940s= world war II- returning veterans had hearing loss due to noise exposure.
--Raymond Carhart- developed systems for fitting and evaluating hearing aids -- Rehab programs grew from military hospitals 1960s and 1970s -- academic programs in universities; tied to speech, theatre, and psychology -- represented by the American Speech and Hearing Association -- Hearing Aid Dispensing was considered unethical by ASHA at this time 1990s -- American Academy of Audiology developed, gains strength and numbers -- Influence of hearing aid industry on the profession and vice versa: industry supports the profession, and the profession supports industry by using it -- popular recognition as a profession- associated with medical field -- AuD |
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Academic preparation to be an audiologist- doctoral degree? clinical hours? years? 2012? 08-09?
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- Doctoral degree- AuD
- Minimum of 1820 clinical hours - Usually 4 years, includes externship - 2012- ASHA will require doctoral level degree for certification - 2008-2009- audiology was rated as top 30 best careers |
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Audiologist credentials- licensure v. certification. HADL
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L- required in nearly al states, issued by each states, permits you to practice
C- credential issued by an organization that says you've met certain standards -- American Speech and Hearing Association= CCC certification -- American Board of Audiology= ABA certification Hearing Aid Dispensing License- may require tests for hearing aid dispensing board |
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What do audiologists do? P, I, EoHD, EoFD, R,
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- Prevention of hearing loss- hearing conservation programs
- Identification of hearing loss- screenings in school or geriatric settings - Evaluation of hearing disorders- non medical diagnosis via audiometry or advanced diagnostic tests - Evaluation of functional disability- ability to participate in life activities - Rehabilitation- lipreading, auditory training, communication strategies, creation of "least restrictive environment", counseling/education of sign language |
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Acoustics definition
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- the study of science and sound
- Physicist: a form of energy, organized movement of molecules, a pressure wave in an elastic medium |
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Psychoacoustics definition
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- the study and science of the perception of sound
- Psychologist: the sensation that is aroused by sound waves that hit the ear and send a signal along the auditory nerve to the brain |
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Sound
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Energy that results from pressure waves emanating from some force being applied to a sound source in some medium
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Requirements for sound
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1- sound source
2- force 3- medium- whatever the signal is traveling through from the source of the signal to get the receiver of the signal |
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sound-source- a source of sound must be able to? to ? it must have 2 properties?
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- a source of sound must be able to vibrate
- to vibrate, a source must have mass and elasticity - mass: quantity of matter - elasticity: the ability to resist changes in shape or volume |
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sound- medium- to transmit sound, a medium must be capable of? it must have 2 physical properties?
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- to transmit sound, a medium must be capable of being set into vibration
- to do so, it must have mass and elasticity - mass: quantity of matter present -- applies to gases, liquids, and solids - elasticity: the ability to resist changes in shape or volume |
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properties of the transmitting medium- ex. air, medium has more density at?
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- atmospheric pressure: 14.7 lm/in^2 (this is the unit that we will use), 100,000 N/m^2. 1,000,000 dynes/cm^2
- the medium has more density at the bottom of the tube |
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Wave- ex) vibration motion of a tuning fork
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- wave= series of moving impulses, in a medium, in response to vibration
- strike the fork> vibration - tines displaced from equilibrium - amplitude (amount that the tines with vibrate) of displacement is proportional to force applied. Ex) strong force applied to the fork> larger that the tines will vibrate |
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Sound source acting on a medium- begins with?, placing tuning fork in?, before force is applied particles are? what creates a wave?
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- begins with brownian motion- random movement of air particles
- Place tuning fork in medium: observe effect on medium - before force is applied particles are equidistant from one another - Each molecule moves a little bit then back to it's original place because of elasticity> creation of wave |
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movement of air mass: density- increases v. decreases, alternate regions of?
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- density increases= compression
- density decreases= rarefaction - alternate regions of compression and rarefaction move through medium |
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displacement of air medium and wave motion- medium is not? aka? instead?
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- medium is NOT displaced over a great distance
- aka medium is not moving - instead, a wave of disturbance moves THROUGH the medium |
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Sound waves- particles? wave is=LW ? areas of? TW?
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- particles OSCILLATE (move back and forth) about their equilibrium positions
- wave is PROPOGATED (moved) in the same plane as particle displacement= a longitudinal wave - note areas of compression and rarefaction - transverse waves- the particle movement is PERPENDICULAR to the wave direction |
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Types of waves- LW, TW
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- Longitudinal wave= direction of moleculemotion is parallel to wave motion. Ex) sound waves, wheatfield
- Transverse wave= direction of molecule motion is perpendicular to wave direction. Ex) water, jump-rope |
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Motion- vibration, amplitude
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- vibration- repetitive (cyclic motion)
- amplitude- amount of movement of a mass from rest to the point of maximum displacement. Ex) low amp= swinging a little/small displacement. high amp= swinging a lot/large displacement |
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simple harmonic motion- helps to? illustrated by? begins at? moves to? returns to? moves to?
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- helps us to conceptualize sound waves
- illustrated by a swinging pendulum - begins at REST (equilibrium) - moves to MAXIMUM displacement in ONE direction - returns to REST (equilibrium) - moves to MAXIMUM displacement in OPPOSITE direction |
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the waveform- a plot of? display is called? it is a? called? results in?
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- a plot of change in amplitude of displacement over time
- display is called the waveform - air does not actually undergo this form of excursion: the waveform is a representation - simple vibration is called sinusoidal motion - results in a sinusoidal wave |
