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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cherry 1953
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* cocktail party phenomenon
* paradigm of dichotic listening: auditory stimuli, both ears, shadow (immediately repeat) one, impossible to repat unattended - not even physical features |
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Broadbent 1954
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dichtoic listening paradigm - split span:
auditory stimuli presented on both ears give earwise report left ear first: ipsilaterally, wernicke, broca |
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Welford 1952
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Psychological refractory period
R2 delayed if R1 not given before S2. RT of S2 drawn as function of SOA between S1 and S2 the closer S2 following S1, the longer the PRP (Broadbent) parallel processing only able with loss of RT |
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Broadbent 1958
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filter theory
2 simultaneously presented stimuli reach sensory buffer in parallel only 1 stimuli can pass (early processing, controlled by physical features) other stimuli held in pre-processing storage for possible later attendence filter mechanism: prevents overload of capacity limited, strictly serial central processor all-or-nothing challenges: Moray 1959 |
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Treisman 1964
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attenuation theory
attenuated transfer & processing of non-attended information more-or-less principle: flexible locus of processing bottleneck, relatively early hierarchical analysis information not in STM: unlikely to be reported |
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Deutsch & Deutsch 1963
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late selection near output
all information processed & analysed completely highest task relevance: processing level: memory parallel weighting according to relevance no filter STM limited |
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Johnston & Heinz 1978
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the mpre processing levels are reached before selection, the higher the processing resource requirements
selection as early as possible to minimize capacity requirements |
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Johnston & Wilson 1980
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non-target words only processed to a dregree that is needed in order to solve task
focused/divided attention inappropriate/neutral/appropriate words focused more accurately processed |
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Lavie 1996
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combined early & late
processing level determined by enhancement/inhibition of relevant/irrelevant stimuli level of selection: amount of attentional resources available fewer attentional resources available: earlier selection |
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Posner 1980
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covert visual orienting
spatial cue with certain validity (valid/neutral/invalid) long SOA between cue & target: interaction valid cue: RT benefit invalid cue: RT loss spothlight metaphor: attention moved to location in space: RT benefit if spotlight already at target location before target appears spotlight diameter fixed |
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LaBerge 1986
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spotlight diamter variable:
HOUSE task 1: middle letter consonant/vowel? task 2: noun or verb? ###7# or ##7## task 1: RT fastest if 7 in middle task 2: RT independent from position |
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Eriksen & James 1986
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variable zoom lens
task: S present? up to 3 pre-cueing positions. interaction: cue condition x SOA fastest RT if only 1 precued position zoom lens focused or wide |
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Posner & Cohen 1984
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inhibition of return
inhibited orienting of attention to a previously attended location mainly after peripheral cues after central cue if programmed saccade interrupted |
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Müller & Rabbitt 1989
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central cue: symbolic stimulus at fixation, voluntary, long latencies, long activation
peripheral cue: luminance at indicated location, reflexive, short latency, transient activation, independent from validity "attentional capture": interrupts central orienting towards highly salient central |
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Moran & Desimone 1985
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single cell study on effect of spatial attention on neuronal level
neuron's response to unattended stimuli is suppressed if stimulus in RF |
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Yarbus 1967
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the unexpected visitor
overt orienting (across fixation) can be controlled |
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Klein 1980
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no causal link between overt attention & overt orienting
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Deubel & Schneider 1986
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during preparation of voluntary saccade, selective vision is and can be on saccade target. strong coupling between eye movement & spatial attention. allocation of spatial attention before execution of saccade
impossible to attend one location while preparing saccade to another |
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Duncan 1984
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overlapping objects - purely spotlight based selection impossible
task1: line dotted/dashed? or line clockwise/counterclockwise? task2: line dotted/dashed? gap left/right? single object judgement advantage |
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Baylis & Driver 1993
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replication of single object judgement advantage
RT faster if only 1 object is attended although identical stimulus material |
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Tipper 1985
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Negative Priming
inhibited internal representation of competeing neighbouring objects task: name black letter that spatially overlaps white letter focus on effects of trials n on trial n+1 |
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main attentional selection mechanisms
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locations: space-based (spotlight, zoom lens)
objects: object-based dimensions |
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feature vs conjunction search
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feature search based on pop out: RT independent of display size
conjunction search inefficient: RT dependent of display size FIT: simple serial model of attention feature: spatially parallel conjunction: serial scanning |
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Treisman & Gelade 1980
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Feature Integration Theory:
Task 1: search T within I and Y => automatic detection Task 2: search T within I and Z => serial scanning |
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Wolfe 1994 - Assumptions
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Guided visual search assumptions:
initially, stimuli processed in separate feature maps. activation of each location in feature maps: bottom-up & top-down. summing of feature map activations in "activation map". adding noise to activation map. attentional scanning of location in activation map in order of activation (IOR) ranking of items according to their priority |
