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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does Learning Theory try to explain attachment? |
The learning theory states that attachments are learnt through conditioning
Classical Conditioning- baby associates the mother with the arrival of food. PAVLOV suggested that new behaviours can be learnt by association.
Operant Conditioning- rewards and punishments. The mother rewards the baby with food. SKINNER suggested that new behaviour can be learnt through punishment and rewards. |
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What is the problem with SKINNER and PAVLOV'S studies? |
The studies conducted by PAVLOV and SKINNER were done on animals.
Results obtained are not applicable to humans as humans can think.
Therefore their research was considered unethical. |
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What did the study by Harlow do and find about the Leaning Theory of attachment? |
Harlow took baby rhesus monkeys and put them in cages with surrogate mother. One was a wire model with food and one was a cloth model without food.
Monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother even though she had no food. |
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How can the study by HARLOW be evaluated? |
HARLOW does not support the Learning Theory. He suggests that comfort is more important than food
His research was on animals so it is unapplicable to humans.
His investigation was immensely unethical. |
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What did the study by SCHAFER and EMMERSON do and find about the learning theory of attachment? |
They observed 60 children in Glasgow
39% of children's first attachments was NOT to the person that gave them food. |
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How can the study by SCHAFER and EMMERSON be evaluated? |
SCHAFER and EMERSON do not support the learning theory of attachment. They disprove the fact that food is the primary reinforcer for an attachment.
However, they could support the learning theory because the rest of the children did form attachments with the person that fed them.
Their investigation was ETHNOCENTRIC meaning it was biased to one particular culture. E.g. Scottish culture. |
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What other evaluation is there of the Learning Theory of attachment? |
Learning Theory suggests that if an attachment is not reinforced then it will wither away.
However, there are cases where children are separated from teir parents for a long time yet they have a lasting relationship. This proves learning theory wrong. |
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How does EVOLUTIONARY THEORY try to explain attachment? |
Charles Darwin came up with Evolutionary Theory. Humans evolved through natural selection.
JOHN BOWBLY stated that babies have an inate tendency to form attachments as if they are programmed to do it. Therefore crying is an example of a social releaser.
BOWLBY argued that there is critical period in which an attachment has to form between the child and its primary caregiver. This was the forst 3 years of the child's life.
He suggested that this would determine how effective the child's future relationships would be. |
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How can BOWLBY'S THEORY be evaluated? |
Advantage- it is broadly correct.
Disadvantage- it neglected the role of the father in the attachment process.
Advantage- it can be applied to real life situations so it is ecological.
Disadvantage- It used hindsight to explain evolution but with no evidence. |
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What did the study by SCHAFER and EMERSON do and find about the evolutionary theory of attachment? |
Schafer and Emerson found out that the majority of children had no obvious attachment figure: they would connect to their siblings just like they would to their mother. |
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How can SCHAFER and EMERSON'S be evaluated? |
They do not support BOWLBY'S theory and his idea of MONOTROPY.
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What did the study by LORENZ do and find about the evolutionary theory of attachment? |
He worked with goslings to show that imprinting was an important part of survival. It allows the infants to recognise their own species.
Lorenz also suggested a critical period of just 36 hours meaning forming attachments is instinctive. |
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How can the study by LORENZ be evaluated? |
Lorenz supports BOWLBY'S theory because he also states that there is a critical period for an attachment to form.
The study on goslings is not applicable to humans. |
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What is an attachment and what behaviours indicate an attachment has taken place? |
An ATTACHMENT is a strong, emotional and enduring bond that develops over time between an infant and its primary caregiver/s.
Behaviours of indication include proximity seeking, separation protest and stranger anxiety. |
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What did the study by AINSWORTH & BELL do and find about the different types of attachments? |
They observed 100 middle class Americans mothers and babies in 'THE STRANGE SITUATION' to see what type of attachment they had.
They found three types of attachments- SECURE ATTACHMENT TYPE B (66%) - INSECURE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT TYPE A (20%) - INSECURE RESISTANT ATTACHMENT TYPE C (12%). |
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How can the study by AINSWORTH & BELL be evaluated? |
The Strange Situation remains the best method of finding out what type of attachment an infant has developed.
One criticism is that it is the same person watching numerous mothers and children so it is subjective.
They had a small sample of children so the results obtained may not be representative of a population.
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What did the study by MAIN & SOLOMON do and find about different types of attachments? |
They found out that there was a 4th type of attachment... a combination of type A and C.
They called it Type D - the baby shows confusion as to ignore her or embrace her when she returns. |
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How can the study by MAIN & SOLOMON be evaluated? |
They show that the original classification of the types of attachments is wrong.
However, they agree on the other 3 classifications provided. |
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What can culture tell us about attachment? |
BOWLBY argued that the inate tendency to form attachments is the same in all cultures. |
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What did the study by IJZENDOORN & KROONENBERG do and find about culture and attachment? |
They used 32 separate studies from 8 different studies which used the strange situation to work out the type of attachment an infant had.
They found that the secure attachment was the common type of attachment. |
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How can the study by IJZENDOORN & KROONENBERG be evaluated? |
They were the first to carry out an investigation that took into account many different cultures.
They agreed with the classification of attachments.
However, they used a limited number of studies so it may not be representative. |
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What is DEPRIVATION? |
Deprivation is known as the disruption of attachment, through separation for a long period of time away from the attachment figure. |
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What does BOWLBY'S Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis tell us about deprivation? |
Separation from the attachment figure for the first 6 months to 2.5 years will cause permanent attachment failure. |
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What is SEPARATION? |
Separation is when a child's bond with a caregiver is broken for a short period of time. |
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What is the PDD model? |
A theory devised by ROBERTSON & BOWLBY to explain short term effect of separation.
They studied young, ill children who had been separated from their mothers due to the illness.
Most of them suffered from protest- despair detachment (PDD). |
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According to the PDD model, what are the short term effects of separation? |
PROTEST
DESPAIR
DETACHMENT |
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How can the study by Robertson and Bowlby be evaluated? |
It supports the maternal deprivation hypothesis.
PDD model shows clearly how deprivation makes things worse.
The investigation was unethical because there was no consent from the children for their observation. |
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What did BOWLBY'S 44 thieves study do and find about the effects of deprivation? |
88 children in total. 44 thieves and 44 control group.
Some thieves were found to be affectionless psychos with their inability to form attachments.
86% of the thieves had been separated from their mothers for a long time. |
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How can the 44 thieves study be evaluated? |
The study suggests the deprivation can have fatal consequences.
The evidence was collected in retrospect so it may not be reliable. |
