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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are alert phases? |
From birth, babies signal when they're ready to interact |
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What is reciprocity? |
Caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocal - each person's actions affects the other and elicits a response |
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What is interactional synchrony? |
Caregiver-infant interact in such a way that actions and emotions mirror each other |
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Which study found that mothers pick up on infant alertness 2/3rds of the time? |
Feldman and Eidelman 2007 |
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Who found that at 3 months interaction became increasingly frequent? |
Feldman 2007 |
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Describe Meltzoff and Moore 1977 |
Observed 2 week+ babies for interactional synchrony - Adult displayed one of three distinctive expressions or gestures and the child's response was filmed and identified by independent observers. |
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Describe Isabella et al 1989 |
Observed 30 mother-infants and assessed degree of synchrony and the quality of mother-infant attachment. Found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment. |
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What's wrong with simply observing caregiver-infant interactions? |
While studies show same patterns of interactions, difficult to be certain whether the behaviours have any type of special meaning - don't know what's happening from infants perspective. Observation on it's own also doesn't tell us the purpose of synchrony/reciprocity |
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Are observations of caregiver-infant interactions likely to be made less valid by demand characteristics? |
No, babies don't know/care they're being observed so won't change their normal behavoiur |
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By when are most children attached to their fathers? |
18 months |
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What is the fathers role? |
To offer play rather than comfort |
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What did Tiffany Field (1978) film? |
Babies in face-to-face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers, secondary caregiver mothers. |
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What did Tiffany Field 1978 find out about primary caregiver fathers? |
Like mothers, they spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants. |
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Who conducted a longitudinal study looking at parent's behaviour and it's relationship to quality of children's attachments into their teens? |
Grossman (2002) |
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What did Grossman (2002) conclude? |
Quality of infant attachment with mothers but not fathers was related to adolescents attachments, suggesting that father attachment less important |
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What is key to forming attachment relationships? |
Level of responsiveness, not gender of the parent |
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Who found that children growing up in single-parent or same-sex families, do not develop any differently? |
Golombok (2004) |
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What year was Schaffer and Emerson? |
1964 |
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How many babies did Schaffer and Emerson investigate? |
60 |
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How often were babies visited at home in Schaffer and Emerson 1964? |
Every month for first year and again at 18 months. |
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How did Schaffer and Emerson 1964 measure separation protest and stranger anxiety? |
Asked mothers questions about kind of protest babies showed in 7 everyday situations |
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At 25-32 weeks, what % of babies showed signs of separation protest toward a specific attachment? |
50% |
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By 40 weeks, what % of babies had a specific attachment? |
80% |
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By 40 weeks what % of babies had multiple attachments? |
30% |
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Name a study that highlights how babies engage and anticipate reciprocal responses |
Tronick et al 1979 |
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Name a study whose findings suggest that Schaffer and Emerson 1964 may be culturally biased |
Sagi et al 1994 |
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Which study suggested it's quality not time that forms an attachment? |
Lamb 1997 |
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Who found that fathers tend to encourage more risks during physical play? |
Paquette 2004 |
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Who found a correlation between number of friends in preschool and quality of relationship with father? |
Varrissimo 2011 |
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Who found that children preferred interacting with fathers when in a positive state? |
Lamb 1987 |
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Who found evidence suggesting fathers were less able than mothers to detect low levels of emotional distress? |
Hrdy 1999 |
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Who found that fathers who became main care providers quickly adapted to become more sensitive to cues? |
Lamb 1987 |
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Who conducted an attachment study with goslings? |
Lorenz 1935 |
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Who conducted an attachment study with chicks? |
Guiton 1966 |
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Who conducted attachment study on Rhesus monkeys? |
Harlow |
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Which study found a gradual attachment formation with most responsive carer, supporting learning theory? |
Emerson et al |
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Name a case study that supports Bowlby's monotropic theory |
Genie and Koluchova twins |
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What are the three attachment types according to Ainsworth? |
Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant (ambivalent) |
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Which longitudinal study assessed Ainsowrths attachment after 6 years? |
Main et al |
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In Main et al, what % of children remained securely attached? |
100% |
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In Main et al, what % of children remained avoidant attached? |
75% |
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Which study investigated effects of intervention strategies? |
Cooper et al 2005 |
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In Cooper et al 2005, those classed as secure increased from what to what? |
32% to 40% |
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In Cooper et al 2005, those classed as disordered decreased from what to what? |
60% to 15% |
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Which meta-analysis examined 32 cross-cultural studies of attachment? |
Van Ijzendoorn |
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Which study found that in Ijzedoorn, German children were most likely to be classed as insecure? |
Grossman et al (1991) |
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Who investigated effects of urban versus countryside environment on attachment types of Japanese children? |
Ijzendoorn and Sagi 2001 |
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Who found similar rates of secure, high rates of resistant and no evidence of avoidant in Japanese children? |
Takashaki 1990 |
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Name a study that suggests primary attachment figure may exist even in shared care enviroments? |
Fox et al |
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Which study was Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation based on? |
44 Thieves Study 1944 |
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Who found no direct causal link between separation and later emotional/behavioural difficulties? |
Kagan et al 1988 |
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Which study investigated attachment type of children with depressed mothers? |
Yarrow et al 1985 |
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In Yarrow et al 198, in the experimental group, how many children were classed with insecure? |
55% |
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In Yarrow et al 198, in the control group, how many children were classed with insecure? |
29% |
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Who investigated long-term effect of loss of mother in women? |
Bifulco et al 1992 |
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In Bifulco et al 1992, how much of experimental group later experienced depression/anxiety disorder? |
25% |
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In Bifulco et al 1992, how much of control group later experienced depression/anxiety disorder? |
15% |
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Who argued that distinction between privation and deprivation should have been made in Bowlby's 44 thieves? |
Rutter 1981 |
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Who conducted longitudinal study into effects of institutionalisation on Romanian orphans? |
Rutter et al 1988 |
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Name follow-up study to Rutter et al 1988 |
Rutter 2001 |
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In Rutter et al, what % showed normal functioning? |
20% |
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Which study showed physical effects of institutionalisation? |
Le Mare and Audet 2006 |
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Which study found women raised in institutional care tended to be poorer mothers themselves? |
Quinton et al 1984 |
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Who found adopted children are as securely attached at those not? |
Singer et al 1985 |
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Name studies that support idea that IWM shaped around secure attachment leads to more confident interactions with peers |
Wippman 1979, Willie 1986, Lieberman 1977 |
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Who found that IWM shaped around insecure, more reliant on teachers for emotional support and interaction? |
Fleeson et al 1986 |
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Who found securely attached children more curious, competent and self-confident? |
Belsky et al 1992 |
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Who conducted the 'love quiz'? |
Hazen and Shaver 1987 |
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Name a longitudinal study that found support for those with secure attachment at one years, having higher social competence at age 16? |
Simpson et al 2007 |
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Which study found only 0.17 correlation between secure attachment in early childhood and attachment in early adulthood? |
Steele et al 1988 |
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Who found that attachment type at 12-18 months unable to predict quality of later relationships? |
Zimmerman et al 2000 |
