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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diagnostic procedures for immune and infectious disorders involve: |
identification of pathogenic micro-organisms. The most accurate and definitive way to identify micro-organisms and cell characteristics is by examining blood, body fluids, and tissue samples under a microscope. |
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Immune and infectious disorders diagnostic procedures that nurses should be knowledgeable about: |
- Serum WBC count with differential - Radioallergosorbent test - Skin testing for allergens |
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Effective treatment of infectious disease begins with: |
identification of the pathogenic micro-organism |
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WBC, or leukocytes (5 different types) |
stimulate the inflammatory response and offer protection against various types of infection and foreign antigens |
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the differential |
Laboratory analysis of circulating WBCs (listed so the percentages of the types of WBCs totals 100%. This number is arrived at by counting the number of each type of cell in a representative sample of 100 WBCs and multiplying it by 100. If the percentage of one type of cell increases, the percentages of other types decrease accordingly.) |
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Normal reference range for WBCs |
5,000-10,000/mm^3 A healthy older adult can have a range of 3,000-9,000/mm^3 |
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Leukopenia |
a total WBC count of less than 4,500/mm^3 It may indicate a compromised inflammatory response or viral infection. |
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Leukocytosis |
a total WBC count of greater than 10,000/mm^3 It may indicate an inflammatory response to a pathogen or a disease process. |
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Neutropenia |
a neutrophil count of less than 2,000/mm^3 Neutropenia occurs in clients who are immunocompromised, are undergoing chemotherapy, or have a process that reduces the production of neutrophils. A client who has neutropenia is at an increased risk for infection. |
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Neutrophils: |
Percent of circulating WBCs: 55% - 75% Increased in relation to: acute bacterial infection, fungal infection Decreased in relation to: sepsis, radiation therapy, aplastic anemia, chemotherapy, and influenza Additional information: the majority of neutrophils are segmented (mature) with a lesser amount being banded (not fully mature), immature neutrophils (bands) should not be found |
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Lymphocytes: |
Percent of circulating WBCs: 20%-40% Increased in relation to: chronic bacterial or viral infection; viruses such as mononucleosis, mumps, and measles; bacteria such as hepatitis; lymhocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma Decreased in relation to: Leukemia, Sepsis Additional information: T-lymphocytes initiate cell-mediated immunity, B-lymphocytes initiate humoral immunity |
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Monocytes: |
Percent of circulating WBCs: 2%-8% Increased in relation to: chronic inflammation; protozoal infections; tuberculosis; viral infections such as mononucleosis, mumps, and measles Decreased in relation to: corticosteroids |
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Eosinophils: |
Percent of circulating WBCs: 1%-4% Increased in relation to: allergic reaction, parasitic infection, chronic inflammation, Hodgkin's disease Decreased in relation to: stress, corticosteroids |
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Basophils: |
Percent of circulating WBCs: 0.5%-1% Increased in relation to: Leukemia Decreased in relation to: acute allergic/hypersensitivity reaction, hyperthyroidism |
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Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) |
a blood test to determine sensitivity to various allergens It may be done in conjuction with skin testing or as an alternative when the risk of a hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen exists. |
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The advantage to RAST testing |
it will not precipitate a dangerous allergic reaction in the client and is quicker to administer |
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The disadvantage to RAST testing |
it is available for fewer antigens, may be less sensitive than skin testing, and is more expensive |
