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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is language
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the system of arbitrary vocal symbols we use to encode our experience to the world
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what is linguistics
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scientific study of language
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what are design features
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those characteristics of language that, when taken together, differentiate it form other known animal communication systems
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who came up with design features
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charles hockett
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what is openness
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the ability to understand the same thing from different points of view
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what is linguistic competence
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A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar
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what is communicative competence
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A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech
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what is the linguistic relativity principle
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A position that asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world. Sapir and Whorf.
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what is grammar
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a set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community
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what is phonology
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the study of the sounds in language
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what is morphology
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in linguistics, the study of the minimal units of meaning in a language. Study of how words are put together
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what is syntax
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the study of sentence structure
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what is semantics
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the study of meaning
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what is a metaphor
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a form of though and language that asserts a meaningful link between two expressions from different semantic domains
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what is a semantic domain
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a set of linguistic expressions with interrelated meanings
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what are pragmatics
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the study of language in the context of its use
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what is discourse
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a stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme
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what are ethnopragmatics
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A study of language that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction
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what is a pidgin
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a language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages
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what is linguistic inequality
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The way in which a dominant group defines its pattern of speech as normal and right while regarding other peoples speech patterns negatively
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what is languate ideology
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A marker of the struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it
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what is language revitalization
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attempts by linguists and activists to preserve or revive languages with few native speakers that appear to be on the verge of extinction
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what is perception
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the process by which people organize and experience information that is primarily of sensory origin
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what are schemas
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patterned, repetitive experiences
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what is a prototype
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examples of a typical instance, element, relation, or experience within a culturally relevant semantic domain
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what is visuality
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the ways that individuals form different societies learn to interpret what they see and to construct mental pictures using the visual practices that their own cultural system favors
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what is cognition
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the mental process by which human beings gain knowledge
the nexus of relations between the mind at work and the world in which it works. |
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what is elementary cognitive processes
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the ability to make abstractions, reason inferentially, categorize, and perform other mental tasks common to all normal humans.
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what are functional cognitive systems
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culturally linked sets of cognitive processes that guide perception, conception, reason, and emotion
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what is cognitive style
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recurring patterns of cognitive activity that characterize an individuals perceptual and intellectual activities
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what is global style
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a way of viewing the world that is holistic. People who use such a style first se a bundle of relationships and only later see the bits and pieces that are related. They are said to be field dependent
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what is articulated style
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a way of viewing the world that breaks it up into smaller and smaller pieces, which can then be organized into larger chunks. People who use such a style consider whatever they happen to be paying attention to apart from its context.They are said to be field independent
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what is thinking
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an active cognitive process that involves going beyond the information given
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what is syllogistic reasoning
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a form of reasoning based on the syllogism, a series of 3 statements in which the first two statements are the premises and the last is the conclusion, which must follow the premises
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what are reasoning styles
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how we understand a cognitive task, how we encode the information presented to us, and what transformations the information undergoes as we think. Reasoning styles differ from culture to culture and from context to context within the same culture
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what is emotion
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the product of a dialectic between bodily arousal and cognitive interpretation, emotion comprises states, values, and arousals
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what is socialization
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the process by which human beings as material organisms, living together with similar organisms, cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies
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what is enculturation
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the process by which human beings living with one another mush learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures
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what is self
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the result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual
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what is personality
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the relative integration of an individuals perceptions, motives, cognitions, and behavior within a sociocultural matrix
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what is subjectivity
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the felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power
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what is structural violence
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violence that results from the way political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population
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what is trauma
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events in life generated by forces and agents external to the person and largely external to his or her control; specifically events generated in the setting of armed conflict and war.
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what is play
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a framing that is consciously adopted by the players, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world
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what is metacommunication
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communicating about the process of communication itself
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what is framing
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a cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as 'play' or as 'ordinary life'
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what is reflexivity
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critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experience
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what is sport
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a physically exertive activity that is aggressively competitive within constraints imposed by definitions and rules. Sport is a component of culture that is ritually patterned, gamelike, and consists of varying amounts of play, work, and leisure.
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what is art
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play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation
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what is transformation-representation
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the process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium
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what are myths
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stories whose truth seems self-evident because they do such a good job of integrating our personal experience with a wider set of assumptions about the way society, or the world in general must operate
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what is orthodoxy
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"correct doctrine" the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts
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what is a ritual
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a repetitive social practive composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema, and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth
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what is the rite of passage
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a ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
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what is liminality
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the ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions
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what are communitas
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an unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.
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what is orthopraxy
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correct practice. the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior
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what are worldviews
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emcompassing pictures of reality created by the members of society
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what is a metaphor
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a form of thought a language that asserts a meaningful link between 2 expressions from different semantic domains
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what is a semantic domain
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a set of linguistic expressions with interrelated meanings
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what is a metaphorical subject
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the first part of a metaphor, which indicates the domain of experience that needs to be clarified
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what is a metaphorical predicate
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the second part of a metaphor, which suggests a familiar domain of experience that may clarify the metaphorical subject
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what are metaphorical entailments
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all the attributes of a metaphorical predicate that related it to the culturally defined domain of experience to which it belongs
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what is metonymy
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the culturally defined relationship of the parts of a semantic domain to the domain as a whole and the whole to its parts
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what is a symbol
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something that stands for something else. A symbol signals the presence of an important domain of experience.
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what are key metaphors
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metaphors that serve as the foundation of a worldview
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what are societal metaphors
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worldview metaphors whose model for the world is the social order
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what are organic metaphors
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worldview metaphors that apply the image of the body to social structures and institutions
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what is functionalism
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a social scientific perspective in which a society is likened to a living organism in which different systems carry out specialized tasks; functionalists identify social subsystems into which a society can be divided, identify the tasks each is supposed to perform, and describe a healthy society as one in which all the subsystems are functioning harmoniously
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what is a technological metaphor
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a worldview metaphor that employs objects made by human beings a metaphorical predicates
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what is religion
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ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
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what is a shaman
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a part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have to power to travel to or contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups
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what is a priest
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a religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group.
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what is witchcraft
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the performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional of self-aware
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what is magic
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a set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes
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what are oracles
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invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful
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what is syncretism
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the synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced form outside, often by force
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what is revitalization
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a conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis
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what is ideology
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a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live
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what is secularism
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the separation of religon and state, including the notion of secular citizenship that owes much to the notion of individual agency developed in protestant theology
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what is power
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transformative capacity: the ability to transform a given situation
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what is political anthropology
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the study of social power in human society
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what is free agency
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the freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance
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what is ideology
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a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live
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what is domination
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coercive rule
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what is hegemony
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persuading subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominate group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position
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what is governmentality
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the are of governing appropriate to promoting the welfare of populations within a state
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what is resistance
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the power to refuse being forced against one's will to conform to someone else's wishes
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what is consensus
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an agreement to which all parties collectively give their assent
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what is persuasion
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power based on verbal argument
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what is anomie
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a pervasive sense of rootlessness and normlessness in a society
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what is alienation
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a term used by karl marx to describe the deep separation that workers seemed to experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they were forced to perform in order to earn enough money to live
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what is essentially negotiable concepts
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culturally recognized concepts that evoke a wide range of meanings and whose relevance in any particular context must be negotiated
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