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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Examples of Non-arbitrary excavation
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A mayan temple complex with numerous small rooms AND a collapsed house, with some of the remnants of wall remaining
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What is a midden ?
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A garbage pit (waste products)
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The principle of association can be usful to determine what context ?
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Can be useful in establishing formal, spatial and temporal context
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Which context can derive another - temporal and formal?
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Possible to derive temporal from spatial AND sometimes possible to derive formal from spatial
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What does the principle of superposition state ?
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None - older below younger
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The law of original horizontality is significan for the proper interpretation of ?
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The law of superposition
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The principle behind seriation is based on the observation that all styles:
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First appear at minimal frequency, reach maximal frequency, then decline to minimal again.
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What is dating method is obsidian hydration?
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A relative dating method
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What are relative dating methods ?
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Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, seriation, obsidian hydration. F.U.N.
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What determines atomic mass ?
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Atomic mass is determined by both the number of protons and the number of neutrons
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What does atomic number determine ?
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Atomic number is determined by the number of protons and the chemical identity of an atom
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T/F ?
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Different elements vary in the number of protons. Different isotopes of an element vary in atomic number
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Protons have a _______ charge
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Protons have a positive charge
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What does a neutron consist of ?
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A neutron consists of a proton combined with an electron
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What do all forms of radioactive decay involve ?
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All forms of radioactive decay involve a change in atomic number
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What is true of a beta particle ?
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A beta particle consists of a nuclear electron
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What is true of an alpha particle ?
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An alpha particle consists of 2 neutrons and 2 protons AND an alpha particle possesses mass
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What happens to mass when an atom loses a beta particle ?
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(None)No change in mass
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What happens to number when an atom loses a beta particle ?
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It's atomic number goes up by one.
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What happens to mass if an atom captures a nuclear electron ?
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(none) nothing, electrons don't effect mass
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What happens to atomic number if an atom captures a nuclear electron ?
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Atomic number goes down by one (because number is determined by # of protons and electron bonds with free proton)
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What happens to number if an atom loses an alpha particle ?
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Number does down by 2 (because it loses 2 neutrons and 2 protons and the 2 protons determine the number)
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What happens to atomic mass when an atom loses an alpha particle ?
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Its atomic mass does down by 4 (because it loses 2 neutrons and 2 protons and all 4 have 1 AMU)
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An unstable atom with atomic number of 20 and mass of 42 decays into atomic number of 21 and a mass of 42, what decay is most likely responsible ?
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Beta emission (because the electron that is lost leaves a proton behind which increases the number based on protons and no change in mass because neutron and proton have same mass)
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An unstable atom with atomic # of 20 and mass of 42 undergoes decay into a stable product with atomic number of 18 and mass of 38, what decay is most likely responsible ?
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Alpha emission
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Unstable atom with atomic number of 20 and mass of 42 undergoes decay into a stable product with atomic number of 19 and a mass of 42. What decay is responsible ?
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Electron capture
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Why does potassium-argon dating depend on volcanic activity ?
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Only volcanic rock is re-melted which sets the K/Ar clock back to zero.
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What atom is C14 created from ?
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N14
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What is the stable daughter product that C14 decays into ?
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N14
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C14 is formed/created via the process of ?
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Neutron capture/proton loss
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C14 (#=6,mass=14) decays into an atom with an atomic # of 7 and an atomic mass of 14. What form of decay is responsible for this ?
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Beta emission
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In K/Ar, k40 (#=19,mass=40) decays into Argon40 (#=18, ass=40). Which form of decay is resposible ?
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electron capture
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All unstable isotopes...
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Exhibit the same decay curve
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What is used to determine the absolute date of 500,000 year old bone excavated from above one layer of volcanic basalt and below a layer of volcanic ask tuff ?
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Potassium-Argon dating
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What method could be used to determine the absolute date of 44,000 year old bone excavated from above one layer of volcanic basalt and below another layer of volcanic basalt
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Radio carbon dating
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What methods can be determined the absolute date of 8,000 year old fired ceramic vessel ?
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Thermoluminescence
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What methods can be determine the absolute date of 600,000 year old fired flint blade, found in primary context with charcoal ?
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Thermoluminescence
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What methods could be used to determine the absolute date of 45000 year old fire pit/hearth built in/over clay soil and contain charcoal ?
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Radio Carbon Dating & Thermoluminescense
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What method used to determine absolute date of 120,000 year old fire pit/hearth built over clay soil and containing charcoal
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Thermoluminescense
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What method used to determine the absolute dating of 60,000 year old completely fossilized bone excavated from above one layer of volcanic basalt and below anothe rlayer of volcanic basalt
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None (electron spin resonance)
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Used to determine 80,000 year old bone excavated from above one layer of volvanic and below another
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None (too young for PAr dating)
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What is true about earth's magnetic field ?
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The strength of the earth's magnetic field has flucturated over time
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What is paleomagnetic dating ?
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An absolute dating method
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3 parts argon; 1 parts potassium
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=1.3BY x 2=2.6 BY
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What is true of thermolumenescense
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Can date artifacts up to 1MYA
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Where are the older trees ?
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The dendrochronology sequence is older in the united sates than it is in europe
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What is due about the dating of the Shroud ?
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Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Shroud of Turin cannot be the burial shroud of Jesus.
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What is the half life of radiocarbon (C14)
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5730years
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How many half lives would it take to acheive a radioactive isotope stable daughter product of 1:1
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1 half life
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How many half lives would it take to acheive a radioactive isotope stable daughter product of 1:15
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4 half lives
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1 part parent; 31 parts daughter
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5 half lives
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What is true of bipeds ?
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the medial feroal condyle is larger than the lateral fomoral condyle
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What first appeard in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Earliest hominids, earliest large brained hominids, & Earliest anatomically modern human.
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Where/When did humans be traced to ?
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All modern humans share a common ancestry that can be traced to sub-Saharan Africa & Available evidence suggests that all modern humans stem from a speciation event approximately 200 thousan years ago in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Production differences between horticulture and argriculture everywhere in the world.
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(All of the above)Horticulture always involves more extensive production than does argriculture & Horticulature always involves shifting-plot production, due to the lack of nutrient intensification & Agricultural production invovles permanent fields whereas horticulture involves less permanent gardens.
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Planting differences between horticulture and agriculture everywhere in the world.
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b & c (Agriculture always uses the plow to till fields, while horiculture uses digging sticks to plant gardens& Agriculture always involves intesitification methods while horticulture generally does not
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what is true about rainforests and agriculture
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Rainforest environments cannot support pure foraging & Simple agricultural production is more technologically complex than horicultural production
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What is the correct order of the human subsistence patterns
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foraging, horticulture, simple agriculture, patroalism, industrial agriculture
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What subsistence patterns are sustainable when practiced in tropical rainforests ?
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Swidden (slash and burn) horticulture
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What is true about slash and burn horticulture ?
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Slash and burn horticulture in rainforests is sustainable
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What is true of productivity ?
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Productivity refers to the amount of energy extracted from a unit area of land (energy out)
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Industrial agriculture is more efficient than ?
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Nothing !
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What is more efficient than industrial agriculture
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all of the above
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What is moe sustainable than industrial agriculture
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all of the above
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What is true about irrigation ?
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Irrigation agriculture in semi-arid or arid areas leads to salinization of the topsoil & One of the factors which reduces the sustainability of agriculture is topsoil loss or desertification.
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What is true about the sustainability of industrial agriculture in america
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Populations practicing indusstrial agriculture - as it is practiced in the US - are associated with a higher risk of a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, due to synthetic pesticides and fungicides.
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What materials provide direct evidence of past human diets
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Paleofeces (coprolites)
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What goes agriculture almost always involve ?
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Agriculture almost always involves both domesticated plant and domesticated animal production
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The evacation of Lakeside Cave indicates what ?
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Amoung humans, cultural needs can take precedence over caloric/nutritional needs, such as the production of tobacco or other ceremonial/mind-altering substances.
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What is true of rainfall agriculture
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Rainfall agriculture is more sustainable thatn irrigation agriculture & Iriigation agriculture would be more sustainable if it used drip irrigation
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How does exposure to pesticide effect liklihood of breast cancer.
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Exposure to pesticides used in industrial agriculture increases the risk of breast cancer
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What is true about air ?
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Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.
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What happens if population increases but the resource base remains constant
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Population pressure increases
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What happens to efficiency if energy output remains constant while energy input increases over time
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Efficiency would decrease
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What happens to efficiency if input remains constant while energy output increases over time
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efficiency would increase
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What is the truth about sythetic fertilizers and energy costs ?
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All of the above (Synthetic fertilizers used in industrial agriculture are made from petroleum & Signigicant portion of the US oil consumption is due to industrial agriculture & Energy cost of the US food production is 10 times great than in Asia or Africa.
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What is true about plants
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Plants utilize carbon taken directly from the atmosphere
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What did the last glacial advance (wurm/wisconsin) begin
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130,000 years ago
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When was the last glacial maximum
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18,000-25,000 years ago
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What is true about sea level during the last glacial maximum
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Sea level was at least 120 meters (400 ft) lower than present
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What is true about world temperature during last period of glaciation
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Mean world temperature was lower than it is today
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How often was the bering land bridge exposed during last glacial advance
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3x
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How does the holocene compare in temperature to the pleistocene
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the holocene epoch has been generally more humid than the pleistocene epoch
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When did the lat period of glacial advance end
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approx 10,000 years ago
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How long did interglacial periods last during the pleistocene
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average of 10,000 years
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Production of few offspring
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K-selected organisms
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Relatively fast to mature
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r-selected organisms
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T or F
Animals are capabale of parental investment & Plants are capable of parental investment |
true
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Whale shark, largest fish what could you predict
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slow maturation to adulthood
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At the pleistocene/holocene boundary some humans shifted from foraging more K-selected animals to foraging more r-selected animals
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true
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What temperatures do grasses prefer
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cool temperatures generally promote the growth of grasses
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What is characteristic of domesticated wheat to wild wheat
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shorter thinner awns
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what is characterstic of wild wheat compared to domesticated wheat
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thicker glumes (seed coats) & a self-shattering panicle
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What are foragers more likely to forage for
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Foragers are more likely to be able to successfully forage grains with thicker, less brittle, rachises
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What is true of wild horses
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Horses evolved in the New World and then dispersed to the old world across the bering land bridge & Humans evolved in the old world and then dispersed to the new world across the bering land bridge
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