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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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history of athletic sex verification
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stella walsh discovered as man after death
dora ratjen accused of being man |
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physical inspection (1966)
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nude parades, doctors inspected bodies, genitals
-doesn’t take into account hormones -only inspects physical structures, external genitalia and internal might not match |
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sex chromatin test (1968)
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biological test, X vs. XX, inactivated X shrivels into barbody
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Y-chromosome SRY test (1992)
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testing for presence of SRY
-SRY determines many sex hormones -but CAIS, AIS could impact too- wouldn’t even be an advantage |
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Maria Patino
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CAIS- finds out she's xy female at the games
no functional testosterone |
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2000
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no more systematic sex verification at Olympic events, other int'l federations follow suit
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sex determination
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bio events that led to development of testis/ovary
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birth sex
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sex assigned at birth
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gender identity
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our sense of being man or woman
typically reflects birth sex |
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sexual orientation
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direction of one's sexual attractions, behaviors, fantasies
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women testing positive for Y chrom frequencies in athletes vs. general pop
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athletes- 1 in 421
general pop- 1 in 20,000 |
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Why are males stronger than females?
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TESTOSTERONE (& other androgens), 10-20 times higher in males
...b/c of this, diff muscle masses |
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administration of androgenic/anabolic steroids
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increase muscle strength
*forbidden in sports for this reason |
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endogenous androgenic steroids
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overproduction of androgens
*accepted in men/women |
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ranges of androgen sensitivity for males vs. females
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m- 10-35 nmol/L
f- .2-2.3 nmol/L |
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ACTN3 gene
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associated with elite athletic performance
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no overlap in...
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testosterone levels in healthy men/women under resting conditions
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sex reassignment and sports
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external genitalia change doesn't matter, levels of sex hormones do
-legally change sex -cross sex hormonal therapy |
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THE MAIN POINT
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it's okay to have differences in androgens in women, but it shouldn't go above lowest level of male range
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women with DSD's don't have...
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any more competitive advantage compared to other elite athletes with favorable genetics
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