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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is arteriosclerosis?
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a. Stiffening of large and/or middle size arteries
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2. What is arteriolosclerosis?
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a. Stiffening of small arteries or arterioles
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1. What is atherosclerosis?
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a. The process of hardening
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4. Where does atherosclerosis most often happen?
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a. Large and middle arteries
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5. How does HTN cause arteriosclerosis?
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a. HTN forces proteins into T. media
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6. How does diabetes cause arteriosclerosis?
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a. Causes a leaky basement membrane
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7. How does increased blood glucose lead to arteriosclerosis?
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a. Glucose forces excess glucose into endothelial cells
b. Glucose binds to proteins of endothelial cells c. Proteins become glycosylated d. → basement membrane gets thicker and more leaky |
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8. What are some irritants than can cause atherosclerosis?
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a. Smoke toxin
b. LDL c. Hyperlipidemia d. HTN |
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9. What do irritants cause to begin atherosclerosis?
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a. Endothelial dysfunction
b. LDL allowed through gut barrier, penetrates intima |
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10. What happens to LDL once it reaches the intima?
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a. Macrophages phagocytize LDL
b. Convert to foam cells |
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11. What do LDL molecules form once within the intima?
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a. Fatty streak
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12. What do smooth muscle cells do once the fatty streak has begun to form?
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a. SMCs migrate over to fatty streak
b. SMC makes fibrous cap over lake of fat c. Lays down Ca |
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13. What causes the lumen diameter to decrease in atherosclerosis?
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a. Fatty streak pushes towards T. externa→ lumen reduced
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14. What causes CHD?
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a. Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries
b. Can lead to heart attack |
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15. What is a possible complication of carotid artery disease?
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a. Stroke
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16. What are some possible complications of PAD?
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a. Numbness
b. Pain c. Dangerous infections |
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17. What are the results of a stroke?
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a. Inability to move limbs, speak
b. Impairment of vision |
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18. What is the main cause of gangrene? What are the two main risk factors?
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a. Reduced blood supply to affected tissues
b. Diabetes and long-term smoking |
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19. What are the signs of vascular dementia?
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a. Problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, and memory
b. Caused by low cerebral perfusion |
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20. How does an endothelial cell respond to irritation?
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a. Expressing increased VCAM
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21. What is the role of VCAM?
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a. Monocyte recruitment
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22. How do macrophages take up LDL?
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a. SR-A receptors
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23. What happens to LDL in the intima?
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a. LDL is oxidized
b. Oxidation activates monocytes |
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24. What is the SR-A pathway?
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a. Process by which LDL is recognized and phagocytized by circulating macrophages→ foam cell formation
b. Mediated by SR-A receptor |
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25. How are cytokines and growth factors induced in atherosclerosis?
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a. The extracellular lipid deposits are pro-inflammatory
b. Cytokines and growth factors are induced by inflammation |
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26. What is the role of cytokines and growth factors in atherosclerosis?
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a. Monocyte recruitment and differentiation
b. Proliferation and migration of SMCs |
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27. What do infiltrating SMCs secrete?
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a. Matrix metalloproteinase
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28. What is the function of MMP?
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a. Degrade ECM→ leads to weakening of fibrous cap
b. Underlying tissues are subsequently exposed to vascular compartment |
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29. What is the effect of oxidation of LDL?
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a. LDL is subsequently less positively charged and has less affinity for LDL receptor
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30. How does HTN contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. Increases expression of VCAM
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31. How does smoking contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. Oxidize LDL
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32. How does diabetes contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. Increased non-enzymatic glycation of LDL→ pro-atherogenic
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33. How does Lp(a) contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. High levels of Lp(a) are associated with increased risk of ahterogenesis
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34. What dietary elements should be avoided in order to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis?
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a. Foods high ins saturated and trans fats
b. Cholesterol c. Sodium d. Sugar |
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35. How is CRP a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
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a. High levels of CRP are a sign of inflammation in the body
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36. How can untreated sleep apnea contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. At risk for HTN, DM, heart attack, and stroke
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37. How does alcohol contribute to atherosclerosis?
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a. Heavy drinking damages the heart muscle
b. Deteriorates other risk factors |
