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309 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the reference lines called that divide the globe? |
Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude |
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How do Parallels of Latitude run or how do they measure? |
They run from east to west and measure north and south of the equator |
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How do the Meridians of Longitude run and how do they measure? |
They run north to south connecting the poles and they measure from east to west. |
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What degree is the equator and what degree is the north and South Pole? |
Equator - 0º North Pole - 90º North South Pole - 90º South |
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Are both parallels and meridians equal distance apart? |
NO! Only Parallels are are equal distance. Meridians are not equal distant because they converge on the poles. |
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How is longitude numbered? |
0º at the prime meridian to 180º east and 180º west (180º east and 180º west are the same meridian on the opposite side of the Prime Meridian) |
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What is the term for where Parallels and Meridians cross? |
Coordinates |
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What are Coordinates used for? |
In pilot charts and maps To describe blocks of airspace For airborne navigation systems |
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When giving coordinates in ATC/pilot communications how are the coordinates read? |
Degrees and minutes (no seconds) and no degree and minute symbology |
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What are the circular measurements? |
1º - 60 min (60’) 1 Min - 60 Seconds (60”) |
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Which is stated first in coordinates? |
Latitude is always before longitude. |
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How are lat/longs in the US read? |
Read from bottom to Top, then right to left |
Rise then run |
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Can longitudes be used to measure distance? |
No they are only exactly 1 NM apart at the equator every where else they are not equally spaced |
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What is the term for the route that is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere? |
A great sphere route |
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What is the term for the route that is a kind which makes the same angle at each meridian of long and is Longer than a great circle? |
RHumb Line |
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What is the difference between Great Circle route and a Rhumb Line route? |
the great circle route is more direct and the airplane crosses every meridian at a different angle (constantly changing direction) Rhumb Line is constant heading over each meridian causing a longer route? Great circle corrects for curvature of the earth, rhumb line does not! |
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When are Nautical Miles used Vs Statue Miles? |
Statue Miles are only used for visibility! All other is NM |
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What is the conversion factor for NM to SM and SM to NM? |
1NM = 1.15 SM 1 SM = .87NM |
SM’s will always be greater than NM |
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What speed measurement matches NM? What speed measurement matched SM? |
NM = Knots SM = MPH |
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What are the two terms for the location time in Greenwich, England that is the reference used in aviation operations throughout the world? |
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and “Zulu Time” |
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What does using UCT eliminate? |
Confusion caused by time zones |
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What does using the 24 hour clock eliminate? |
Confusion between AM and PM |
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How many standard time zones is the earth divided into? And how wide are they? |
24 times zones and they are 15º of long wide |
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What are the 4 standard time zones in the US? |
Eastern Central Mountain Pacific |
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What are the conversion factors for the US time zones? |
Eastern = +5 Central = +6 Mountain = +7 Pacific = +8 Alaska = +9 Hawaii = +10 |
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If daylight savings is in effect how do you convert to Zulu? |
Add the conversion factor and then subtract 1 |
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When is Daylight savings time? |
2 am second Sunday in March and ends a 2 am on first Sunday in November. |
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What are the 4 types of speed? |
Indicated airspeed (IAS) True Airspeed (TAS) Ground Speed (GS) Mach Number (MACH) |
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What is the term for the speed that is shown on the aircrafts airspeed indicator and is used in pilot communication? |
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) |
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What is the term for the speed that is relative to undisturbed air mass that is used in flight planning and entities portion of flight? IAS corrected for Altitude and Temp. |
True Airspeed (TAS) |
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What is the term for the speed that is relative to the surface of the earth. It is true airspeed corrected for the effects for wind. |
Ground Speed (GS) |
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What is the term for speed that is a ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound? That is expressed in decimal form. |
Mach Number (MACH) |
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At high altitude what is the difference between TAS and indicated air speed? And why? |
Indicated airspeed will be less than true Airspeed because the air is thinner so less air goes into the pitot tube. |
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When the temp is high what happens to the IAS? |
Higher temp = air molecules are spread out and less dense so the IAS will be lower than true airspeed. |
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What effects the difference between IAS and TAS more? Temp or altitude? |
Altitude. |
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What are the Formulas for time, speed, and Distance calculations? |
T = D/S S = D/T D = S x T |
Finger Formula (DST) |
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How is time expressed in ATC and how must it be changed to be used in the formulas? |
In ATC it is HRS + MIN (ex. 5+30) It must be changed to a decimal to be used (5.5) |
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What is the term for a mass of air moving over the earth’s surface in a definite direction? |
Wind |
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How is wind stated in ATC? |
Direction from which the wind is blowing Velocity in Knots Ex. 04025 is “wind 040 at 25” |
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What type of speed does Wind effect? |
Ground speed. It does not effect TAS |
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What type of wind increases the ground speed? What one decreases the ground speed? |
Tailwind increases GS Headwind decreases GS Crosswind effects GS and Direction of Flight |
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What does the True Course represent? What Does the Track represent? |
The Intended path of the aircraft over the earth’s surface |
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What is the Track? |
The actual path that the aircraft has flown over the earths surface |
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What is the term for the angle that any free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind? |
Drift Angle |
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How far will an aircraft drift if not corrected in 1 hour? |
The amount equal to the wind speed. ( EX. 20KTS crosswind the aircraft will be 20 NM off course in 1 hour) |
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What is the True Heading? |
The True Course corrected for wind TC +/- WCA = TH |
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What is the name of the angle that a pilot corrects the heading of an aircraft to compensate for the wind? |
Wind Correction Angle (WCA) |
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When is it the controller responsibility to compensate for wind speed and direction? |
When formulating estimates and when issuing radar vectors. |
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What is the term for the angular difference between true north and magnetic north? |
Variation |
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How is variation measured? |
Degrees from true north. East is least, west is Best - + |
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What is the term for a line that connect points of equal difference between true and magnetic north? |
Isotonic Lines |
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What is the term for a line that connects points of zero variation? |
Agonic Line |
The variation is “All Gone” |
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How many agonic lines are there? |
Only one |
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Is the magnetic north constant? |
No it is always changing |
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What is Magnetic Heading (MH)? |
True Heading corrected for variation. TH +/- VAR = MH |
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What type of north is used in wind reports? |
True North. All other is Magnetic North. |
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What is the term for the magnetic compass error that may change as the aircraft heading changes? |
Deviation |
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What can cause Magnetic Deviation? |
Magnetic influences from: Electrical Circuits Engine Other magnetized parts |
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Where is deviations for an aircraft listed? Where are magnetic variations listed? |
Deviation card in the aircraft Published charts |
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What is the Compass Heading (CH)? |
Magnetic Heading (MH) corrected for deviation (DEV) MH +/- DEV = CH |
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What is the term for navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations beaded on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, ground speed, and elapsed time. |
Dead Reckoning |
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What is the term for when a pilot flies from selected checkpoints and prominent landmarks by looking at the ground. |
Pilotage |
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What is the basic form of navigation for a beginning pilot? |
Pilotage |
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Is pilotage better for slow or fast aircraft? |
Slow because there is more time to see the landmarks and correct the course. |
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What is Dead reckoning like? And what is pilotage like? |
Like getting a map and planning a road trip Like going on a hike and finding your way |
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What is the term for any electronic device, airborne or on the surface which provides point-to-point guidance information or position data? |
Radio navigational aid |
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What are the 8 types of navigational aids? |
Non-directional Beacon (NBD) Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-directional Range (VOR) Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) VHF Omni-directional range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) Instrument Landing system (ILS) Inertial Navigation System (INS) Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) |
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What are the altitudes and range distance on each class of VORs? |
Terminal - 12,000 ft and below - 25 miles Low - below 18,000 ft - 40 miles High - below 14,500 ft - 40 miles High - 14,500 ft - 17,999 ft - 100 miles High - 18,000 ft - FL 450 - 130 miles High - Above FL 450 - 100 |
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What is the accuracy of the Course alignment of the VOR |
Excellent within +/- 1º |
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What type of NAVAID uses an UHF electronic tho-theta waves that provides suitably equipped aircraft with continuous indications of bearing and distance to the station. (Gyro-stabilized) |
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) |
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What is the primary NAVAID for the military? |
TACAN |
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For TACANs what happens to the two types of signals it broadcasts? |
The bearing and distance frequencies are paired and assigned a Channel Number |
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What is the term for Equipment (airborne and ground) used to measure, in nautical miles, the Slant range distance of an aircraft from the station? |
Distance Measuring equipment (DME) |
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Where is the difference between the Slant range and the horizontal range greatest? |
near the NAVAID and at High altitude |
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How do DMEs communicate with the aircraft? |
Interrogation is sent from the aircraft and received at the DME ground station. The transponder in the ground station transmits a pulse back. The time required for the round trip is the Slant range distance in NM |
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What is the term for a NAVAID providing VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN DME at one site? |
Very High Frequency Omni-directional range/tactical air navigation (VORTAC) |
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What are the 8 types of navigational aids? |
Non-directional Beacon (NBD) Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-directional Range (VOR) Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) VHF Omni-directional range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) Instrument Lighting system (ILS) Inertial Navigation System (INS) Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) |
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What is the type of NAVAID that comes to mind with the world “Interlocked” |
VORTAC |
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What is the type of NAVAID that provided approach path with both course and altitude guidance? |
Instrument landing system (ILS) |
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What are the parts of the ILS System? |
Localizer Glide slope Marker Beacon Approach lights Compass Locator DME |
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What part of ILS is used for horizontal (L/R) guidance? |
Localizer |
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What part of ILS is used for vertical (up/down) guidance? |
Glide slope |
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What part of ILS is used to give range information along the approach path |
Marker Beacons |
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What part of ILS is used to assist the transition from instrument to visual flight? |
Approach Light system |
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What part of ILS is a L/MF radio beacon at the site of the outer or middle marker? |
Compass locator |
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Where is the localizer located on the runway? Where is the glide slope? |
The departure end (opposite of landing) 1000 ft into the runway (beside aiming point) |
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What are the dimensions of the localizer signal? |
Vertically - 18 NM from antenna between 1,000 ft above the highest terrain along the course and 4,500 ft above the elevation of the antenna site Laterally - on course indication is 2.5º on either side of the centerline and the range of off course is 10º to 18NM and 10º-35º either side 10NM |
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What type of NAVAID operates on a L/MF transmitting non-directional signals? |
Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB) |
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If the glide slope is not working is the ILS still operable? What about the Localizer? |
If glide slope is out still operable with Non-precision approach If localizer is out the ILS is not operable |
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What frequency does the glide slope operate on? And the localizer? |
Glide Slope - UHF Localizer - VHF |
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What are the dimensions of the marker beacons signal? And what are the two common types? |
1,000 ft above and approx 2,400 ft in width to 4,200 ft in length. Outer Marker and Middle Marker |
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What is the type of NAVAID that is fully self contained in the aircraft consisting of an accelerometer and gyros? |
Inertial Navigation System (INS) |
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What is the principal error associated with inertial navigation system (INS)? |
Degradation of position with time because the accelerometer and the gyros are subject to small errors that accumulate as time passes. Must be manually corrected unless it is a new model that can use DME and VOR inputs to update |
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What is the NAVAID that refers collectively to the worldwide positioning, navigation, and timing determination capability from satellite constellation in conjunction with a network of ground stations |
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) |
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Who |
At least 4 |
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How many satellites are operating in the GPS system? |
24 |
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Who owns and operates the GPS system? |
Department of Defense |
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What are the systems that are used in conjunction with GPS that confirm and improve GPS accuracy? |
Wide Area Augmentation system (WAAS) - Wide Area Ground Based Augmentation system (GBAS) - Near an airport |
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What type of code do NDBs normally broadcast? When it is a compass locator? And when it has no voice abilities? |
Normal - Three letter Morse code. Compass Code - two letter Code Without Voice - W in the class designator |
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When using GBAS what is the term for the system that verifies the integrity of the signals? |
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) |
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What are the requirements for RAIMs to work? |
4 satellites and an additional 1 (5 total) |
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How many satellites are needed for gps? |
At least 4 |
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What is the term for a ground based electronic NAVAID transmitting VHF nav signals 360º in azimuth, oriented to magnetic north? |
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR) |
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What type of NAVAID is the primary facility for civilian aviation? |
VOR |
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What is the term for the courses from the VOR station and can be envisioned as spokes on a wheel? |
Radials |
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When using GNSS what is the term for the system that verifies the integrity of the signals? *Self-verifies* |
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) |
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What is a draw back of VORs? |
Line -of-sight restrictions Can not go through mountains |
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What is the term for the method of navigation which permits aircraft operation in any desired flight path Irgun the coverage of ground or space NAVAID system? |
Area Navigation (RNAV) |
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Unless other wise charted where is the change over point? |
Midway |
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What are the dimensions of the VOR airways? |
1,200 ft AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. |
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How do VOR routes generally run? |
Odd numbers = north to south Even numbers = east to west |
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What is the proper Phraseology for VOR airways? |
State letter V phonetically (VICTOR) followed by the number in the group form. |
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How is as airways that is common to two or more routes depicted? |
Both route numbers |
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What are the dimensions of Jet Routes? |
18,000 ft MSL to FL 450 inclusive |
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Why are jet routes not allowed above FL 450? |
The limitations of the NAVAIDs |
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What is the proper phraseology for Jet routes? |
State the letter “J” followed by the number in group form |
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What are the dimensions for “Q” RNAV routes? |
18,000 ft MSL up to and including FL450 |
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What is the proper phraseology for RNAV Q routes? |
State the letter “Q” followed by the number in group form |
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What do most RNAV systems have? |
Flight Management System (FMS) |
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What is the dimensions for the RNAV T routes? |
Up to but not including 18,000 MSL |
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What is the proper phraseology for RNAV “T” routes |
State the letter “T” phonetically (TANGO) followed by the number in group form |
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What instruments are effected by the Pitot-Static System? |
Altimeter Vertical Speed Indicator Airspeed Indicator |
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What are the two major components of the Pitot static system? |
The Pitot tube with impact chamber Static air vents with static pressure chamber |
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What indicator that will be effected if the pitot tube fails? |
the airspeed indicator |
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What systems will be effected if the static vent is blocked? |
All three (altimeter, vertical speed indicator, Airspeed indicator) will be effected. |
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What system gives the height if the aircraft above sea level and senses air pressure using the aneroid wafer (barometer)? |
Altimeter |
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What is the danger in not updating the altimeter when going from low to high? And from High to low? |
L to H - you are higher than the altimeter reads H to L - you are lower than the altimeter reads |
L to H - look to the sky H to L - look out below |
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What is the instrument that measures the rate of climb or descent in hundreds of feet per min? |
Vertical Speed Indicator. |
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What 2 types of information does the VSI provide? |
Trend Information - immediate induction of an increase or decrease in aircraft rate of climb Rate information - shows a stabilized rate of change in altitude. |
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What is the term for a system that shed a large database to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a data loader. |
Flight Management System |
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What instrument measures the “indicated air speed” |
Air speed indicator |
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What type of airspeed is used in Flight Plans? |
True Air Speed |
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What is the instrument that is used to tell the pilot the aircrafts heading in relation to magnetic north |
Magnetic Compass |
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What instrument is the only self contained direction seeking instrument on the aircraft? |
Magnetic Compass |
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What is the term for the line mounted behind the glass of the instrument that can be used for a reference line when aligning the headings of the compass card. |
Lubber Line |
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What are the two types of compass error? |
Variation and Deviation |
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What are the three types of Gyro Instruments? |
Turn Coordinator Heading Indicator (Directional Gyro) Attitude Indicator |
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What are the two properties that gyros exhibit? |
Rigidity in space Precession |
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What is the term for the force that keeps a spinning wheel on its original plane of rotation regardless of how the base is moved |
Rigidity in space |
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What property do gyros rely on to function? |
Rigidity is space |
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What is the term for a predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, or visual reporting points. |
Waypoint |
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What is the term for the property of gyros that is the deflection of a spinning wheel when a force is applied. |
Procession |
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When force is applied to the top of a wheel the force is acted on 90º ahead so the wheel turns at the front either left or right. This is an example of what? |
Procession |
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What is the term for the instrument that shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft |
the turn coordinator |
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What two systems are in the Turn Coordinator? |
Rate of turn indicator Inclinometer |
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What part of the turn coordinator shows a miniature plane banking in the direction of the turn. |
Rate of turn indicator |
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What part of the turn coordinator indicates the coordination of the aileron and rudder and shows the slip or skid of the aircraft in a turn. |
Inclinometer |
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What is the average rate of turn for an aircraft? |
3º per minute |
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When does and slip occur? And a Skid? |
Slip is not enough rudder Skid is too much rudder |
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what is the mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass |
Heading Indicator/ Directional Gyro |
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What is the difference between the Heading indicator and the magnetic compass? |
The magnetic compass is direction seeking. The Heading indicator is not. |
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How are waypoints defined? |
Relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of Lat/Long coordinates |
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What is the instrument that displays a picture of the pitch and the bank attitudes of the airplane. |
Attitude Indicator (artificial Horizon) |
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What is the most reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel? |
The Attitude indicator |
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What are the 7 instruments that are used by the pilot to determine the position, course and distance traveled? |
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) VOR Instrument Instrument Landing System receiving equipment (ILS) Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Global Positioning System (GPS) |
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What instrument is used to navigate using non directional beacons? |
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) |
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What is the instrument that is use the measure the bearing to or from a VOR station? |
VOR receiver |
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What is the instrument that us used to make ILS approaches? |
Instrument Landing system receiving equipment |
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What is the instrument that is designed to revive but the VOR and NDB signals? |
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) |
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What is a series of Waypoints called? |
RNAV Route |
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What is the difference between Published RNAV routes and Unpublished RNAV routes? |
Published routes are permanent routes Unpublished routes are “random” RNAV routes (need radar monitoring by ATC for all IFR aircraft on all random RNAV routes) |
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What is the term for area navigation base on performance requirements of aircraft operating along an ATS route |
Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) |
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What is the generic term that included “VOR federal airways”, “Colored Federal Airways” “Jet Routes” and “RNAV routes” |
Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes |
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What are the 3 fixed route systems that are established for air navigation purposes. |
Airways (Class E airspace) Jet Route System (Class A airspace) RNAV Routes (Class A and E airspace) |
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What is the term for the method of navigation which permits aircraft operation in any desired flight path Irgun the coverage of ground or space NAVAID system? |
Area Navigation (RNAV) |
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Unless other wise charted where is the change over point? |
Midway |
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What is the term for a system that is a large database to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a data loader. |
Flight Management System |
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How do VOR routes generally run? |
Odd numbers = north to south Even numbers = east to west |
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What is the proper Phraseology for VOR airways? |
State letter V phonetically (VICTOR) followed by the number in the group form. |
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How is as airways that is common to two or more routes depicted? |
Both route numbers |
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What are the dimensions of Jet Routes? |
18,000 ft MSL to FL 450 inclusive |
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Why are jet routes not allowed above FL 450? |
The limitations of the NAVAIDs |
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What is the proper phraseology for Jet routes? |
State the letter “J” followed by the number in group form |
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What are the dimensions for “Q” RNAV routes? |
18,000 ft MSL up to and including FL450 |
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What is the proper phraseology for RNAV Q routes? |
State the letter “Q” followed by the number in group form |
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What are the airspace dimensions of the VOR airways? |
1,200 ft AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. |
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What is the dimensions for the RNAV T routes? |
Up to but not including 18,000 MSL |
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What is the proper phraseology for RNAV “T” routes |
State the letter “T” phonetically (TANGO) followed by the number in group form |
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What instruments are effected by the Pitot-Static System? |
Altimeter Vertical Speed Indicator Airspeed Indicator |
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What are the airspace dimensions of Jet Routes? |
18,000 ft MSL to FL 450 inclusive |
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What indicator that will be effected if the pitot tube fails? |
the airspeed indicator |
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What systems will be effected if the static vent is blocked? |
All three (altimeter, vertical speed indicator, Airspeed indicator) will be effected. |
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What are the airspace dimensions for “Q” RNAV routes? |
18,000 ft MSL up to and including FL450 |
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What is the danger in not updating the altimeter when going from low to high? And from High to low? |
L to H - you are higher than the altimeter reads H to L - you are lower than the altimeter reads |
L to H - look to the sky H to L - look out below |
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What is the airspace dimensions for the RNAV T routes? |
Up to but not including 18,000 MSL |
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What 2 types of information does the VSI provide? |
Trend Information - immediate induction of an increase or decrease in aircraft rate of climb Rate information - shows a stabilized rate of change in altitude. |
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What is the term for a system that shed a large database to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a data loader. |
Flight Management System |
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What instrument measures the “indicated air speed” |
Air speed indicator |
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What type of airspeed is used in Flight Plans? |
True Air Speed |
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What is the instrument that is used to tell the pilot the aircrafts heading in relation to magnetic north |
Magnetic Compass |
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What instrument is the only self contained direction seeking instrument on the aircraft? |
Magnetic Compass |
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What is the term for the line mounted behind the glass of the instrument that can be used for a reference line when aligning the headings of the compass card. |
Lubber Line |
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What are the two types of compass error? |
Variation and Deviation |
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What are the three types of Gyro Instruments? |
Turn Coordinator Heading Indicator (Directional Gyro) Attitude Indicator |
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What are the two properties that gyros exhibit? |
Rigidity in space Precession |
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What is the term for the force that keeps a spinning wheel on its original plane of rotation regardless of how the base is moved |
Rigidity in space |
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What property do gyros rely on to function? |
Rigidity is space |
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What is the term for a predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, or visual reporting points. |
Waypoint |
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What is the term for the property of gyros that is the deflection of a spinning wheel when a force is applied. |
Procession |
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When force is applied to the top of a wheel the force is acted on 90º ahead so the wheel turns at the front either left or right. This is an example of what? |
Procession |
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What is the term for the instrument that shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft |
the turn coordinator |
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What two systems are in the Turn Coordinator? |
Rate of turn indicator Inclinometer |
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What part of the turn coordinator shows a miniature plane banking in the direction of the turn. |
Rate of turn indicator |
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What part of the turn coordinator indicates the coordination of the aileron and rudder and shows the slip or skid of the aircraft in a turn. |
Inclinometer |
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What is the average rate of turn for an aircraft? |
3º per minute |
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When does and slip occur? And a Skid? |
Slip is not enough rudder Skid is too much rudder |
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what is the mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass |
Heading Indicator/ Directional Gyro |
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What is the difference between the Heading indicator and the magnetic compass? |
The magnetic compass is direction seeking. The Heading indicator is not. |
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How are waypoints defined? |
Relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of Lat/Long coordinates |
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What is the instrument that displays a picture of the pitch and the bank attitudes of the airplane. |
Attitude Indicator (artificial Horizon) |
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What is the most reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel? |
The Attitude indicator |
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What are the 7 instruments that are used by the pilot to determine the position, course and distance traveled? |
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) VOR Instrument Instrument Landing System receiving equipment (ILS) Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Global Positioning System (GPS) |
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What instrument is used to navigate using non directional beacons? |
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) |
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What is the instrument that is use the measure distance to or from a VOR station? |
VOR receiver |
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What is the instrument that us used to make ILS approaches? |
Instrument Landing system receiving equipment |
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What is the instrument that is designed to revive both the VOR and NDB signals? Making it easy to find intersection? |
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) |
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What is the instrument that is a combination of three instruments including the Heading indicator, VOR/LOC indicator, and Glide slope indicator? |
Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) |
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What are some non discrete beacon codes that aircraft can use? |
7700 - Emergency 1200 - VFR |
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What is the navigation instrument that provides accurate position, speed, and precise time information on a continuous global basis reported in LAT/LONGs? |
Global Positioning System (GBS) |
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What is the instrument on the aircraft that is used to make ILS approaches? |
Instrument Landing system receiving equipment |
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In an emergency what instrument can direct you to an airport to land? |
GPS |
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What is the radio equipment that combines navigation and communication radios in one unit? |
NAV/COM Radio |
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What is the radio instrument that is used to set beacon codes assigned by ATC? |
Transponder |
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What is the term for when the Controller assigns a beacon code? |
Squawk |
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What is the number of beacon codes that can be assigned and why? |
4,069 because 8 and 9 are not useable |
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What are beacon codes that are assigned by ATC that are assigned to just one aircraft? |
Discrete codes. |
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What are some non discrete beacon codes? |
7700 Emergency, 1200 VFR |
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What does changing the transponder to the “ALT” setting do? |
It makes it so that the transponder’s mode C is activated and secondary radar will receive altitude information. |
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What is the number of beacon codes that can be assigned and why? |
4,096 because 8 and 9 are not useable |
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What instruments panels does the FMS include? |
Primary Flight Display Navigation Display Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System Multifunction Display |
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What is the difference between Published RNAV routes and Unpublished RNAV routes? |
Published routes are permanent routes Unpublished routes are “random” RNAV routes (need radar monitoring by ATC for all IFR aircraft on all random RNAV routes) |
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What does the Primary Flight Display in the FMS include? |
Combines all the primary flight instruments like heading, attitude, altitude, and vertical speed. Can be configured to include Glide slope and localizer info if set in approach mode |
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What does the FMS component called the Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System include (EICAS)? |
It provides digital readout of engine operating data as well as alerting capabilities to warn pilots when individual engine parameters are exceeded. |
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What does the FMS component called the Multifunction Display (MFD) include? |
It is a multi purpose computer and can be used as a backup for the other displays. |
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What does the FMS component called the Navigation Display (ND) consist of? |
Full compass configuration displays the digital course and ground speed read outs on HSIs It can also include Heading source, Selected heading, Selected course Navigation source Weather radar display along with the antenna tilt angle Ground Speed DME TCAS
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What is the system that is a self contained airborne collision avoidance system that provides back up for ATC separation? |
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) |
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When an aircraft is responding to a TCAS advisory what is ATC to do? |
Do not give clearances contrary to the TCAS advisory. YOU are not longer responsible for separation from that aircraft |
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What are the two types of TCAS and what is the difference? |
TCAS 1 - Just issues Traffic Alerts TCAS 2 - Traffic Alerts and resolution advisories (if both has TCAS 2 the advisories with coordinate) |
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When are TCAS traffic advisories issued? |
45 seconds before closest Point of Approach (CPA) |
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When are TCAS resolution advisories (RA)s issued? |
30 Seconds before CPA (TCAS 2 only) |
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What are the limitations of the TCAS system? |
They do not know the intentions of either aircraft (so if one will stop short the TCAS will still go off) It only shows aircraft with Transponders equipped. |
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What is the term for area navigation base on performance requirements of aircraft operating along an ATS route |
Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) |
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What is the term for when the oxygen available to body tissues is insufficient to meet their needs? And what doesn’t this cause in the body? |
Hypoxia Effects night vision, judgements memory, alertness, and coordination. May appear like drunkenness and can result in unconsciousness and death |
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What should ATC do if then notice signs of Hypoxia in the pilot? |
Get them to under 10,000 ft where the air is much more plentiful. |
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What is the term for when there is an abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs? And when does this usually occur? |
Hyperventilation and in emergency situations |
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What is the term for the loss of proper bearing and state of mental confusion as to position, location, or movement relative to the position of the earth? |
Spatial Disorientation (Vertigo) |
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What are the two types of Vertigo and what is the difference between them? |
“Leans” you lean into an imaginary turn “Coriolanus Illusion” - when pilot makes a sudden head movement |
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What is the generic term that included “VOR federal airways”, “Colored Federal Airways” “Jet Routes” and “RNAV routes” |
Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes |
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What are the 3 fixed route systems that are established for air navigation purposes. |
Airways (Class E airspace) Jet Route System (Class A airspace) RNAV Routes (Class A and E airspace) |
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What is the key words for SIDs and STARs? |
SIDs - Transition from Terminal to En Route STAR - Transition from En Route to Terminal |
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Do Pilots have to comply with a SID or STAR? |
No. They can choose not not but they are requested to put “NO SID/STAR” on the flight plan. |
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What type of route is given if the pilot does not wish to do a SID? |
As close to filed flight plan as possible or a preferential Departure Route (PDR) |
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What are the three sections on the Chart for STARs? |
Margin Info Planview Textual Description |
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Can STARs serve multiple airports? |
Yes |
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What is required of the pilot to fly a STAR? |
The approved chart |
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How are Transition Routes and Arrival Routes depicted in STAR charts? |
Transition Routes are thin black arrow Arrival Routes are thick black arrows |
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Can SIDs serve more than on airport? |
Yes but much more rare |
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What is the term for a departure procedure for pilot/controller use to provide obstacle clearance and a transition from Terminal to en route structure? |
Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) |
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What is the term for an arrival procedure published for pilot/controller to use to provide a transition fro Enroute to Terminal? |
Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STARs) |
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What are the two types of Instrument Departure Procedures? |
Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs) and Standard Instrument Departure (SIDs) |
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What is the term for a preplanned IFR departure procedure to provide obstruction clearance via the least onerous route |
Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) |
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What are the two types of SIDs and what is the main difference? |
Pilot Navigation - Pilot controls Vector - ATC controls |
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What are the three sections of a SID on a chart? |
Margin Information Planform Textual Description |
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What do Pilot Nav SIDs have that Vector SIDs don’t? |
Pilot Nav has departure routes |
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How can you tell if a SID is current in the Chart? |
The side margin has the effective date |
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How are Departure routes, transition routes depicted on SID charts? |
Departure is thick black arrow, and transition routes are thin black arrows |
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What are the critical phases of flight? |
Takeoff and landing |
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What is the non precision version of the PAR? |
Approach surveillance radar (ASR) |
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What is another term for the SIAP chart? |
Approach Plate |
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What are the 6 sections of the IAP in the Terminal Procedures Volume? |
Margin, Pilot Briefing, Planview, Airport diagram, profile view, and minimums |
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Which part of the SIAP chart shows the airport location, procedure name, and lat longs for the airport? |
The Margin |
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What does a end letter of the alphabet on the name of an IAP mean? What does a front letter of the alphabet mean? |
XYZ - Same runway using the same approach fix ABC - procedures that do not meet the criteria for a straight in approach (Approach more than 30º from runway heading or decent gradient is more than 400 FPNM |
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What part of the IAP chart contains the information for the pilot that is required to complete the published approach procedure? |
Pilot Breifing |
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How are Communication frequencies listed in the Pilot Briefing on an IAP Chart? |
In the order that they would be used during the approach |
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What part of the IAP chart shows the graphical overhead view of the procedure and depicts the routes? |
The Planview |
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What is the term for a maneuver prescribed when it is necessary to reverse direction o establish an aircraft on the intermediate approach segment of final approach course? |
Procedure Turn |
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When is the MSA or a TAA listed on the Planview portion of the IAP chart used? |
In an emergency. NORDO |
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What is the term for a series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with protection from obstacles from initial approach fix or from beginning of arrival route to a point where a safe landing can be completed? |
Standard Instrument Approach Procedure (SIAP) |
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What is the difference between MSA and TAA on the Planview of the IAP chart? |
MRA is 25 NM radius from the NAVAID TAA is more accurate (needs fancier equipment) and is 30 NM radius from the IAF |
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What part of the IAP chart gives detailed information about the airport including elevation, obstructions, displaced thresholds? |
Airport Diagam |
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Where is are the missed approach icons located on the IAP chart? |
On the profile view |
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What are the missed approach icons? |
A graphical depiction of the textual info in the pilot briefing |
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What is the term for a specified altitude on a precision approach at which the pilot mist decide whether to continue or initiate the missed approach? |
Decision Altitude (DA) |
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What is the term for the lowest altitude to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circling maneuvers in a Non precision approach? |
Minimum Descent altitude (MDA) |
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What section of the IAP chart shows the side view of the SIAP? |
Profile View |
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How is the Final Approach Fix shown on a side view of a precision approach? On a non precision approach? |
Lightening bold - PA Maltese Cross - Non PA |
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How is the minimum glide slope intercept altitude depicted on the profile view on the IAP chart? |
Arrow with lightning bolt to An altitude with a line under it meaning (at or above this height) |
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What is the term for the height of the Decision Height or MDA about the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone? And is associated with all straight in minimums? |
Height above touchdown (HAT) |
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Can SIAPs be used in VFR conditions? |
Yes |
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What is the term for the height about the MDA above the published airport elevation. And is associated with circling minimums? |
Height Above Airport (HAA) |
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What is the section of the IAP chart that shows the minimums associated with the aircraft approach categories? |
Minimum Section |
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How are aircraft approach minimums determined? |
Based on aircraft speed. |
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How is visibility shown on the Minimums section of the IAP chart? |
Statue miles or Runway Visual Range (RVR) |
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Approach categories go from? |
Slow to Fast |
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When looking at the Minimum section the approaches become (less or more) precise and so the minimums (increase or decrease). |
Less Precise so the minimums go up. |
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What are 2 other approaches that pilots can make to expedite traffic? |
Visual and Contact approach |
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What must a pilot have to do a visual approach? |
The airport in sight or the preceding aircraft in sight. |
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Must a pilot have an ATC clearance to fly a visual approach? |
Yes |
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Who is responsible for separation of the aircraft once the following aircraft states they have the traffic in sight? |
The pilot in command |
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DAs apply to what and MDAs applies to what? |
DA - PA (Precision approach) MDA - NPA (Non Precision Approach) |
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What is the type of other approach that does not require the airport to be in sight with at least 1 SM flight visibility and a reasonable expectation of continuing to the destination airport in those conditions? |
Contact Approach |
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Can a controller suggest a Visual Approach? A Contact Approach? |
Yes for visual No for contact the pilot must request |
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What are the requirements to fly a contact approach? |
Pilot Request ATC clearance Published and working SIAP at that airport Approved seperation between the aircraft and all other IFR/SVFR Alternate clearance is issued |
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What are the 4 segments of an IAP? And where do they start and end? |
Initial Approach - between initial approach fix and intermediate fix Intermediate Approach - between the intermediate fix and the Final Fix Final Approach - Final Approach fix and the runway airport or missed approach point Missed Approach - between the missed Approach point or the point of arrival at the DA and the missed approach fix and prescribed altitude |
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What does a missed Approach procedure usually include? |
A climb to a safe altitude and usually a turn or a heading to a point where the aircraft will enter holding. |
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How are IAPs classified? |
Precision or Nonprecision |
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What are the two precision approaches? And what are the 7 non precision? |
ILS and PAR RNAV(GPS), LOC, VOR, VOR/DME, TACAN, NDB, ASR |
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What is an ISL changed to if the Glide slope is not working? |
Non precision Localizer |
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What is the least accurate non precision approach? |
NDB |
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