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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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compression
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external loads applied towards one another on opposite surface in opposite direction
-cartilidge, fx, contunsions |
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tension
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force that pulls/stretches
-sprains, strains |
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shear
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equally bit not directly opposite loads applied to opposing surfaces forces those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another
-skin abrasions, blisters, disk injuries |
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bending
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4 pt or 3 pt
-compressin and tension forces |
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torsion
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twisting in opposite directions from opposite end of structute
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musculotendinousis unit
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muscle tendon, fascia surrounding the muscle
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muscle strains
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seperation or tearing of muscle fibers
-overstretch or foreceful contraxn -3 grades |
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muscle strain G1
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some fibers stretched/torn, some tenderness, pain, full ROM
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muscle strain G2
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number of fibers torn, active contr very painful, sometimes depression felt in muscl ebelly, some swelling, discoloration, decreased ROM
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muscle strain G3
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complete rupture
-usually at MT junxn or where tendon attaches to bone -significan pain (intense initially) impairment, total loss of motion |
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muscle cramp
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extremely painful involuntary contraxn
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muscle guarding
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invol m contaxn in response to pain after injury
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muscle spasm
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reflex rxn caused by trauma
-2 types |
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type of muscle spasm 1
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clonic: alternating rapid contraxn/relax
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type of muscle spasm 2
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tonic: constant control that lasts a period of time
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muscle soreness
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acute-accompanies fatigue
delayed onset MS-12 hrs, increasing for 24-48 hrs, lasts 3-4 days |
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tendon injuries
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-tough band of CT that attaches to bone
-can deform 6-8% of its length before failure -2x as strong as muscle it serves -constant abnormal tension/repeated microtrauma to create weakness over time |
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tendinitis
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-inflammation of tendon from
1. overuse 2. crepitus: crackling feeling |
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tendinosis
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degeneration without swelling
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tenosynovitis
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inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath
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myofascial trigger points
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discreet, hypersensitive nodule with in taut band of skeletal m and or fascia
-2 types |
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myofascial trigger points (Latent)
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only pain with direct pressure, may restrict movement or cause m weakness
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myofascial trigger points (active)
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pain at rest
"jump sign" -referred pain |
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contunsion
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compression of tissue resulting in bleeding causing ecchymosis
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ecchymosis
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bluish purple discolration
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myositis ossifcation
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repeated traums
-ca deposits form btween muscle fibers |
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6 types of synovial joints
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1.ball and socket-mvmnt in all planes
2.hinge: flexion and extension 3.pviot: rotation about and axis 4. ellipsoidal: elliptical convex and concave articualtion(wrist) 5.saddle: reciprocally convex-concave (Carpometacarpal jt of thumb) 6.gliding: all sliding back and forth (Carpal joints) |
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articuale capsule and ligaments
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-help maintain anatomic integrity and structural alignments of jts
-ligs tend to be stronger in middle and weak at ends -respond quicker then muscle to over stretching |
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ligament sprain
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stress is applied that forces joint beyond normal limits
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ligament sprain G1
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streching and sepration of ligs,l minimal instability mild/mod pain local swell and stiff jt
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ligament sprain G2
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some tearing and sepr of fibers, mod instabilit, mod-severe pain, swell, jt stiff
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ligament sprain G3
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total tearing, jt instability, severe pain initially, then little to none, sign, swell stiffness
s/s- jt swelling, increase temp, pain/pt tenderness, ecchymosis -avulsion is possible |
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diastisis
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seperation of 2 articulating bones
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dislocation
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complete seperation of bony surfaces, requires manual or surgical reduction
-sh, elbow, fingers -once a dislocation, always a disolocation |
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dislocations should be treated as...
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fractures
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dislocations should not be...
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reduced immediatley regardless of location
-x rays are needed |
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subluxation
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bone comes partially out of normal articualtion and goes right back into place
-shoulder, patella |
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bursitis
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inflammation of bursa
-occurs bc b/t, skin/bone, m/m any area of high friction |
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subacromial
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olecranon,, prepatella
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bursa
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pieces of synovial membrane that contain small amount of synovial fluid, located in area of high friction
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osteoarthritis
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degeneration of articular hyaline cartilidge
-pain with use -goes away w. mvmnt -heals with rest *morning pain, local tenderness, creaking, and grating -stiff with rest |
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...most at risk for osteoarthritis
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wt bearing jts
-knee, hip, and spine |
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capsulitis
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chronic inflamamtion of jt capsule
-after repeated sprains, microtrauma |
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synovitis
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active joint congestions with edema
-synovium degenerates thickens, restricts jt movement |
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bone anatomy
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-dense CT
-outer compact tissue -inner porous cancellous bone including haversion canals |
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functions of bone
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-body support
-organ protection -movement through joints -ca storage -formation of blood cells |
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types of bones
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-flat(skull, ribs)
-irregular( vert and skull) -short (wrists and ankle) -long ( humerus, ulna) |
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what bones are most commonly injured?
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long bone
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fracture..weak points?
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sudden changes in direction
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green stick
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incomplete break in bones that have not ossified
-splintering |
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comminuted fracture
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3 or more fragments at fx site, most difficult to heal
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linear
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bone splits along length
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avulsion
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seperation of bone fragment from it cortex at attach of lig/tend
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blow out
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wall of the eye socket
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serrated
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sawtooth sharp edged fx line, direct blow, extensive internal damage
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depresses
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occur most often in flat bones
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contrcoup`
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occurs on the side opp pt of trauma usually head injury
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transverse
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straight line at rt angle to shaft-direct blow
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oblique
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similar to spiral, one end recieves torsion and other is stbale
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spiral
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s shapes seperation, bone rotates in opposite direction
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impacted
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direct force along axis, falling from a height
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salter harris 1
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seperation of physi
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salter harris 2
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fx seperation of gr plate and small part of metaphys
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salter harris 3
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fracture of physis
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salter harris 4
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fx of part of physis and metaphys
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salter harris 5
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crushing og phys with no displacment
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osteochondrosis
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degenerative chnages in the ossification centers of the epiphyses of boines, esp during rapid growth stages in children
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hyposthesia
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decrease sense of feeling
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hypersthesia
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increase sense of feeling
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parastesia
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numbness, prickling, tingling, pins and needles
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neuropraxia
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mildest N injury, interruption in conduction of impulse down in fN fiber
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neuritis
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chronic N problem
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