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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Newton
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Improved upon Kepler's Third Law
Constant depends on masses of objects in orbit Two objects in orbit are orbiting their common center of mass |
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Tidal Effect
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Two high, two low as Earth rotates
Earth being pulled away from water on opposite side, giving appearance of high tide. |
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Moon accounts for about _____ of the ocean's tides
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2/3
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Sun accounts for about _____ of the ocean's tides.
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1/3
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Spring Tides
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Unusually high tides
Occurs with new moon and full moon. |
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Spring Tides occur with _____ moon and _____ moon.
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New and Full
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Neap Tide
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Not as extreme as spring tides; not unusually high or low
Occurs with Quarter Moons |
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Neap Tides occur with _____ moons.
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Quarter
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Speed of Light
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186,000 mi/sec
c = constant for speed of light |
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c comes from Greek word ______ meaning ______
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celeritas
fast |
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Blue: _____ wavelength
Red: _______ wavelength |
shortest
longest |
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Electromagnetic Spectrum (shortest to longest)
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Gamma Rays
X-Rays UV Rays Visible Light Infrared Reds (heat) Microwaves Radio Waves |
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Kinetic Energy:
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Velocity squared
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Absolute Zero
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an object has no energy of motion (kinetic energy)
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Emmission Line Spectrum
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light being given off by an atom
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Absorbtion Line Spectrum
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light being absorbed by an atom
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Doppler Effect
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wavelength has shifted
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Doppler Effect:
Blueshifted |
obejct moving toward us, shorter wavelength
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Doppler Effect:
Redshifted |
object moving away; longer wavelength
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Telescopes
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Primarily light amplifiers
Allow us to see dim objects by gathering lots of light Needed to see faint objects |
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______ of main mirror or lens is the primary measure of a telescope
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Diameter
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The amount of light you gather is proportional to the _____ of the main mirror or lens
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area
A= d squared |
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Refracting Telescope
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bending light
large lens |
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Chromatic Aberration
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cannot bring all colors to the same focal point due to different wavelengths; problem with refracting telescopes
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Reflector
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large mirror
must get shape of curve exactly right (paraboloid) Can be bigger than lenses No chromatic aberration |
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Spherical Aberration
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distortion of an image formed by a telescope due to differing focal lengths of the optical system
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Newtonian Focus
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bounces light out to the side
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Bigger mirror equals
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more light gathering ability
ability to see much fainter objects |
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Diffraction
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makes images fuzzy
Larger opening: less diffraction = more detail |
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Resolving Power
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Larger opening: less diffraction = more detail
Diameter bigger --> Resolving Power gets better |
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Turbulence in the _______ generally is the main limiting factor for resolving power.
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atmosphere
about 1 arc sec |
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Go to high altitudes to get _____ atmosphere. Build optical telescopes on _______.
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above
mountains |
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Adaptive Optics
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Can see what kind of distortion has taken place - adjust telescope accordingly by moving mirror.
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________ is the least important thing a telescope does.
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Magnification
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How do astronomers store the images made my telescopes?
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Make a sketch
Photography CCD Cameras (digital) Photometer Spectrograph |
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Photometer
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the measurement of brightness (light intensity)
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Spectrograph
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breaks light up into its various wavelengths
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We always see the same side of the moon because...
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the moon revolves once around the earth in the same time it rotates once on its axis (tidal coupling)
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The moon is only 2% of the Earth's _______.
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volume
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Dark areas:
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Basalt (typical volcanic rock)
mare, maria 3.1 - 3.8 billion years old Fewer craters |
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Light areas:
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Anorthosite
"Lunar Highlands" 4-4.5 billion years old Heavily Cratered |
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The moons ______ is only 11%
Earth's is 39% |
albedo
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Albedo
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The fraction of sunlight that a planet, asteroid, or satellite reflects.
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Moon Landings
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First: Apollo 11
July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong Last: December 1972 |
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All of the moons surface is ______ ________.
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heavily cratered
More on highlands than in seas |
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Formation of the lunar crust:
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Need to form the moon first
Original crust is now lunar highlands The original lunar crust was heavily bombarded by planetesimals |
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Original moon crust is now ________
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lunar highlands
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The original lunar crust was heavily bombarded by ________
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Planetesimals
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The maria were formed by ___________ at the end of the accretion process.
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large collisions
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accretion
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the gradual accumulation of matter in one location, especially due to the action of gravity
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A large collision knocked a piece of the Earth's ______ off to form the moon.
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mantle
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The Earth's rotation is being slowed by ______
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the tides
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The moon is moving _____ from the Earth by 3.8 cm per year.
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away
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Mercury rotates ______ times as it goes around the sun once on its _____ orbit.
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1.5
elliptical |
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Mercury's volume is only about _____ of Earth's.
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5.5%
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Mercury is the _______ planet, ______ to the sun
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innermost
closest |
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Radar showed Mercury rotates ______ times for every _____ revolutions.
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three
two |
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Mercury's type of tidal locking is called a
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resonance
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Long days on Mercury lead to ______
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extremes of temperature
Light side: 500 K Dark side: 100 K |
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Mercury has no ____ and no ____ to regulate temperature.
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atmosphere
water |
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The surface of Mercury is _______, thus it must be very _____
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heavily cratered
old |
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Mercury's albedo is about
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10%
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The _____ of Mercury is very different from the moon.
It has a much larger ____. |
interior
core |
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Mercury ____ have a magnetic field.
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does
0.5% of Earth's field. Means part of the core is liquid. |
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The cooling of Mercury's iron core has produced _____ on the surface
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scarps
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Scarps
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very large cliffs
about 1.5 miles high |
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Terrestrial Planets
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small, close to sun, warm
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Few moons Density = 5000 kg/cubic meter = iron core |
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Jovian Planets
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Large, far from sun, cool
Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune Density: about 1500 kg/cubic meter = helium and hydrogen Lots of moons |
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Density of water
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1000 kg per cubic meter
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Density of rocks
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3000 kg/cubic meter
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How do planets hold on to hydrogen and helium?
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Temperature: Atoms and molecules have kinetic energy.
Energy is shared equally among the atoms and molecules. |
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Kinetic Energy =
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1/2 mv^2
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Heavy molecules (Oxygen) move _____ thean light molecules (hydrogen, helium)
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slower
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If the speed of a molecule is too big, a planet's gravity won't be strong enough to _______.
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keep them bound.
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Warmer planets have ______ moving molecules.
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faster
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Larger planets have _____ gravity.
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Stronger
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Asteroids
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small, rocky bodies
similar in position to terrestrial planets |
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Kuiper Belt
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40 AU from sun
Short period comets originate in the Belt. Small frozen water/methane ice balls |
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Short Period Comets originate in the _________
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Kuiper Belt
small frozen water/methane ice balls |
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______ surfaces in the solar system typically have _____ craters.
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Solid
Many |
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More craters means ____ surface.
Few craters means _____ surface. |
old
young |
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The larger and warmer planets were _____ after their formation than presently
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hotter
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Smaller planets have cooled off ____ than larger ones
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more
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Active planets
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have hot centers
volcanoes, plate tectonics, etc. |
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Moving electric charges create __________
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Magnetic fields
Many planets have them. Need molten material inside the planet. |
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______ and ______ do not have magnetic fields.
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Venus
Mars |
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Mercury (though small) must have some energy it in because it ________.
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has a magnetic field.
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Formation of the Solar System:
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Abundance of elements (Hydrogen and Helium are most common)
Entire System formed together. |
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Accretion
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little planets bump together, insides of planets heat up and this is how planets are formed.
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Craters
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the craters on the moon and terrestrial planets are from little planets bumping them.
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Earth doesnt have craters because it is ____ and the _____ changes.
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active
surface |
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isotope
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special forms of elements.
they change from one isotope to an isotope of another element |
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Atomic Nucleus
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Protons: positive
Neutrons: neutral |
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Isotopes change in amount of _____ but stays same element
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neutrons
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If the _____ is charged, the element is still the same.
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proton
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_________ has 238 protons and neutrons.
Decays into lead. |
Uranium
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Half-life
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4.5 billion years for uranium to turn to lead
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4.5 billion years for _____ to turn to _____
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uranium
lead |
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The solar system was formed from a _______ called a solar nebula.
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gas cloud
The gas fell inward and heated up. The sun was created and took up 99.99% of the mass of the solar system. |
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Solar nebula
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gas cloud
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The sun takes up ______ of the mass of the solar system.
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99.99%
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Heavy elements have ____ melting temperatures and could condense at _____ temps.
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high
high |
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On _____ of cloud it's cooler and the lighter elements can condense.
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outside
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Jovian Planets
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many moon
ALL Jovian Planets have rings Many far away objects can be considered moons and rings. We don't know exact numbers. |
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All Jovian Planets have ____.
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rings
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Comparitive Planetology
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what planets look like compared to earth.
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Earth's surface is warmer than what it should be because of the ________. Otherwise, Earth would be ice.
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greenhouse effect
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Some _____ radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere.
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infrared
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Largest absorbers of infrared radiation:
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water vapor
carbon dioxide methane |
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Temperature on earth is shifted because some _______ is trapped.
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infrared radiation
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The effect of _______ is changing the balance of Earth.
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human activity
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Interior of the Earth:
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density is not uniform (3000-15000 kg/cubic meter)
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Earth's Mantle
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Basalts (not molten, not solid)can be formed and molded; like the texture of tar
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Earth's core
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solid center
liquid outer edge combination of iron and nickel (15000 kg/cubic meter) |
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Earth's Crust
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Least dense part (3000 kg/cubic meter)
3 miles deep under continents. 10 miles deep under ocean. Very thin. |
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_______ tell us about the interior of Earth.
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Earthquakes
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P Waves
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Pressure waves/Primary waves
Undergo Refraction (direction changes when going through a different part of the earth); waves bounce |
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S waves
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Sheer Waves/Secondary Waves
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O Zone
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great absorber of ultra violet light
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CFC's
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Chlorophlorocarbons
Once used in fridges and aerosol cans. These chemicals deplete the ozone layer and changes chemical balance. Created a hole in the ozone layer, especially near South Pole. 20-30 yr damage takes 100 yrs to regenerate. S. America and Australia recieve a lot of UV light as a result. |
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S waves
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Move side to side
Cannot go through liquid The movement of S waves show that the core has an outer liquid part. |
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Liquid Outer Core
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carries electric current
Rolling motion in liquid being heated from interior, out. |
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Magnetic Field
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Particles get trapped in the field. The areas that these particles are in are called Van Allen Radiation Belts
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Van Allen Radiation Belts
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two doughtnut-shaped regions around the Earth where many charged particles are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field
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Auroras
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light radiated by atoms and ions in the Earth's upper atmosphere, mostly in the polar regions
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Magnetosphere
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the region around a planet occupied by its magnetic field
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Convection
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heat within Earth material in mantle is moving in a rolling motion
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Crust
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Rigid and Solid
Broken up into plates |
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Plates can:
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slide past each other
slide under each other spread apart |
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Transform Fault
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San Andreas Fault
Slide past motion |
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Deep Ocean Trench
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created by plates sliding under another
Andes Mountains and Japan are deep sea trencehes from plates sliding under each other |
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Mid Ocean Ridges
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long mountain ranges right at the top there is a deep (Rift Valley)
Magma comes up from mantle into the rift and out Few inches per year Ocean floors - basalts - mantle. |
