Astronomy Test 1

Front 1

Diameter of Earth

Back 1

8,000 miles

Hint 1

4 moons can fit across it

Front 2

Diameter of Moon

Back 2

2,000 miles

Front 3

Celestial

Back 3

beyond our realm

Front 4

Our Closest Celestial Body

Back 4

the moon

Hint 4

closest object to Earth (our realm)

Front 5

Meteor

Back 5

small rocks that sometimes streak dust or light

Front 6

Distance of the Moon

Back 6

240,000 miles away

Front 7

Earth and Moon orbit...

Back 7

the center of mass

Front 8

Distance of the Sun

Back 8

93,000,000 miles

Hint 8

1 AU

Front 9

Seasons are dependent of..

Back 9

Earth's tilt to the sun

Front 10

Speed of Light

Back 10

186,000 miles per second
(Sun to Earth -> 8 1/3 minute delay)
(Moon to Earth -> 3 second delay)

Front 11

Pluto is..

Back 11

not a planet, too small with only 400 miles in diameter.

Front 12

if Pluto is 40 x the distance of Earth.. how far is it?

Back 12

93,000,000 (1 AU) x 40 ... ÷ 186,000 (Speed of Light in seconds) ...

Front 13

Solar System

Back 13

all masses the orbit the sun (99.9% of mass of our solar system is in the sun)

Front 14

1 AU

Back 14

1 Astronomical Unit (93,000,000 miles) used only in our solar system.

Front 15

Diameter of the Sun

Back 15

864,000 miles (1,300,000 Earth's to fill it's volume)

Front 16

_______ creates gravity

Back 16

Mass (therefore the sun is extremely hot, 10 million Celsius)

Front 17

Fusion

Back 17

E = MC ^2, which emits light

Front 18

Planets are..

Back 18

merely debri of the Sun to create it

Front 19

Closest other Solar System

Back 19

Alpha Centauri (Proxima Centauri) with a triple star system.

Hint 19

our neighbor

Front 20

Distance of Alpha Centauri

Back 20

4.2 lightyears (4.2 years delay)

Front 21

1 LY

Back 21

1 Lightyear = 5.9 trillion miles

Front 22

Binary System

Back 22

a system with 2 stars

Front 23

Star Cluster

Back 23

a star system with more than 2 stars

Front 24

A Planet is only a Planet when...

Back 24

it's cleared all of it's orbital (nebula) debri and it's large in mass.

Front 25

Galaxies

Back 25

clusters of star clusters

Front 26

Diameter of Milky Way

Back 26

100,000 lightyears

Front 27

Amount of Stars in the Milky Way

Back 27

about 400 billion stars

Front 28

Constellation

Back 28

an area of the sky (NOT a group of stars)

Front 29

The Local Group

Back 29

45 known neighboring Galaxies from ours.

Front 30

Interstellar Fog

Back 30

"zone of avoidance" or dust unable to be seen through because of our position in our galaxy.

Front 31

Distance of Adromeda Galaxy

Back 31

2.2 million lys away.

Front 32

Super Clusters of Galaxies

Back 32

clusters of galaxy clusters
(most famous Super Cluster Galaxy is the Virgo Cluster)

Front 33

The Great Wall

Back 33

a filament structure made up of super clusters.

Front 34

Voids

Back 34

the filaments of linked super clusters or the empty space between and outside (dark matter regions)

Front 35

Edwin Hubble

Back 35

discovered that the universe is expanding

Front 36

Age of the Universe

Back 36

15 billion years old

Front 37

Asterism

Back 37

name of group stars not known or accepted as a constellation

Front 38

Temperatures of Scale

Back 38

farenhieght, celcius, kelvin

Front 39

Farenhieght

Back 39

system used within the sea. adopted for its precision in temperature, and adjusted for outside of water.
boiling point = 212 degrees F
freezing point = 32 degrees F
(180 degrees in the gray)

Front 40

Celcius

Back 40

NOT the centigrade system, despite being 1 of them.
boiling point = 100 degrees C
freezing point = 0 degrees C
(100 degrees in the gray)

Front 41

Farenheight to Celcius Formula

Back 41

C = 5/9 (F - 32)

Front 42

Kelvin

Back 42

the measurement of speed of particles.
the hotter, the quicker
the colder, the slower
absolute 0 in Kelvin = -275 degrees celcius

Front 43

Celcius to Kelvin Formula

Back 43

K = C + 273

Front 44

# of Constellations in Celestial Sphere

Back 44

88 constellations

Front 45

Brightest Night Star in the Sky

Back 45

Sirius (anything brighter is a planet)

Front 46

Johann Bayer

Back 46

created the star naming convention in 1603 as 1st brightest star as Alpha + constellation name, 2nd as Beta, 3rd as Gamma, 4th as Delta... etc.

Front 47

John Flamstead

Back 47

of 1725, names the most west star as 1 and most east as the # from west to east.

Front 48

Coordinate System

Back 48

Declination +/- Right Ascension

Front 49

Charles Messien

Back 49

comet hunter, made the Messien Album which are listing of fuzzy patches that weren't comets in the sky.

Front 50

Zenith

Back 50

overhead point or 90°

Front 51

Horizon

Back 51

all points away from Zenith or 90°

Front 52

Altitude

Back 52

an angular measurement above or below the horizon (+/-)

Front 53

Nadir

Back 53

directly under

Front 54

Parallax

Back 54

the change in position of an object due to the change of position of the observer.

Front 55

North Pole

Back 55

a rotation above a counter clockwise rotation (inverted to bottom if planet rotates clockwise)

Front 56

Pole

Back 56

an imaginary pole through a planet in which it rotates around.

Front 57

Equator

Back 57

directly half of the planet from the poles.

Front 58

Lifeboat Navigation

Back 58

The altitude of the north celestial pole above the observer's horizon equals observer's latitude on earth.

Front 59

Circumpolar Stars

Back 59

stars that never go below your horizon.

Front 60

Non-Circumpolar Stars

Back 60

stars that rise and set.

Front 61

Celestial Meridian

Back 61

an imaginary great circle on the celestial sphere passing through the observer's N.C.P., the S.C.P., Zenith, and S. Cardinal Point.

Front 62

Transit

Back 62

the moment a celestial object is on the meridian (best time to look at an object because it's the least amount of atmosphere)

Front 63

Solar Day

Back 63

time from noon to noon, or from one solar transit to the next solar transit. 24 hours long (4 minutes off/delay)

Front 64

Sidereal Day

Back 64

the time interval from a given STAR'S upper transit to its next upper transit. (23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds)

Front 65

Ecliptic Plain

Back 65

Earth's orbit

Front 66

Ecliptic Path

Back 66

the suns path relative to Earth

the apparent annual path of the Sun or the celestial sphere

Front 67

Geocentric Coordinate System

Back 67

Example:
7° E (Longitude), 15° N (Latitude)

Meridian - a great circle passing through both poles
Reference Plane - Earth's Equator
Reference Point - where the meridian passes through Greenwich, England hits the equator.

Front 68

Horizon Coordinate System

Back 68

Example:
7 ° (Azimuth), +7° (Altitude)

Azimuth - angular distance measured eastward along the horizon from the N. Cardinal Point to the intersection of object's vertical circle.
(amateur astronomers uses this but professionals don't since positions change due to Earth's orbit)

Front 69

Equatorial Coordinate System

Back 69

Example:
7 hr 10 m (Right Ascension), +35° (Declination)

Declination - angular distance N / S of the celestial equator.
Right Ascension - angular distance measured eastward along the celestial from vernal equinox to the intersection of the circle along which the declination is measured passing through the body.

Front 70

Vernal Equinox

Back 70

Spring - March 21 +/- 2 days

Front 71

Summer Solstice

Back 71

June 21 +/- 2 days
Sun is 23 1/2° above the equator

Front 72

Autumnal Equinox

Back 72

Fall - September 21 +/- 2 days

Front 73

Winter Solstice

Back 73

December 21 +/- 2 days
Sun is 23 1/2 ° BELOW the equator

Front 74

A Year

Back 74

365 1/4 days
the period of time the Sun takes to return to its original position to the stars, or amongst the zodiac.

Best definition: vernal equinox to vernal equinox.

Front 75

Zodiac

Back 75

A band in the sky 18 ° wide and centered on the ecliptic path.

12 signs / constellations / houses

Front 76

All objects move ______ with respect to the horizon / diurnal

Back 76

Westward

Front 77

Sun's angular movement per day with respect to the stars?

Back 77

1° Eastward

Front 78

Moon's angular movement with respect to the stars

Back 78

12° per day Eastward
(1/2° per hour)

Front 79

Planets move _________ with respect to the stars?

Back 79

Eastward (retrograde motion is only an illusion)

Front 80

Type 1 Planets

Back 80

Mercury and Venus
(never seen during midnight)

Front 81

Type 2 Planets

Back 81

Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
(occasionally seen at midnight)

Front 82

Precession

Back 82

The earth wobble or the pole star changes, due to a slow motion of the earth axis of rotation

1 cycle = 26,000 years
N. Star use to be Thuben
Currently: Polaris
Vernal Equinox for now - Pisces

Front 83

Hipparchus Magnitude Scale

Back 83

Brightness Ratio (BR) = (2.5)^magn.
Max just for class: 2.5^5 = 100
1st class was brightest star
6th class is the dimmest to see with the naked eye.
the smaller the # (magn) the brighter

Front 84

Johannes Kepler

Back 84

1571-1630, proves how the Earth moves around the sun, and discovers orbits could be described as ellipses.

Front 85

The Cosmic Mystery

Back 85

by Johannes Kepler (JK) in 1594 that supported the Copernian System.

Front 86

Eccentricity

Back 86

C / A .... 0 is circular, 1 is a straight line.

Front 87

Kepler's First Law

Back 87

Law of Planetary Motion: each planet moves about the Sun in an orbit that is an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipses.

Front 88

Kepler's Second Law

Back 88

Law of Equal Areas: the straight line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in space in equal intervals of time.

Sp (perihelion) / Sa (aphelion)

Front 89

Kepler's Third Law

Back 89

Harmonic Law: square of the sidereal period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of semi major axis of the orbit.

(earth years) p^2 = (AU) a^3

Front 90

The Epitome of the Copernian Astronomy

Back 90

1620 by Johannes Kepler

Front 91

The Harmony of the World

Back 91

1619 by Johannes Kepler

Front 92

The Redolphine Tables

Back 92

1628 by Johannes Kepler

Front 93

Isaac Newton

Back 93

1642-1727, developed Calculus and theories in optics, that white light is composed of all colors , and invented the reflecting telescope. Also formulated laws of motion and gravitation.

Front 94

Newton's 1st Law of Motion

Back 94

A body remains at rest or moves along a straight line with constant velocity so long as no external net forces act upon it.

(Galileo's Law of Inertia, essentially)

Front 95

Inertia

Back 95

Property of a body to resist a change

Front 96

Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

Back 96

The change in a body's velocity due to an applied force, is in the same direction as the force, and proportional to it, but is inversely proportional to the body's mass.

F = ma

Front 97

Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

Back 97

For every applied force ... a force of equal size, but opposite direction, arises.
F = Ma, F = mA (returned force)