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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Eclipse
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shadow of something on another object
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total eclipse
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completely in umbra
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partial eclipse
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partly in umbra/penumbra
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penumbra
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not clearly visible
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umbra
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total blockage
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lunar eclipse
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earth directly between moon and sun
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solar eclipse
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moon directly between earth and sun [new moon]
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annular
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ring of sun behind moon
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the ecliptic
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sun's path through the sky
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moon's path
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deviates 5 degrees from epliptic
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earth's crust
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down 100 km
12 major plates |
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earth's mantle
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goes about 1/2 way to center
solid but fluid |
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earth's core
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liquid for about 2200 km
solid for about 1200 km |
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earth's inner core
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solid from intense pressure
radio active fission keeps earth hot |
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earth's atmosphere overview
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extends 100 km above earth
80% nitrogen 20% oxygen |
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earth's atmopshere progression
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troposphere
stratosphere ozone layer mesosphere thermosphere/ionosphere |
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troposphere
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up to 11 - 20 km
[shrinks when far from sun weather heated by earth |
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stratosphere
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up to 45 km
change in temperature [cool --> warm] |
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ozone layer
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up to 55 km
absorbs UV light warmest region |
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thermosphere/ionosphere
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heat up because absorbs most stuff
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why are we warm on earth?
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more molecules hitting us create heat
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moon compared to earth
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1/4 size; 1/100 mass; 1/6 gravity
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moon's maria
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17% maria
- volcanic lava flows - material much like earth's volcano - younger than craters |
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moon's highlands
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83% surface
mountains craters |
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moon's soil
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dust
glass particles [melted from impact] found on highlands |
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moon's core
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not massive enough for solid IRON core
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moon's magnetic field
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small magnetic field
PROBLEMATIC: core should have cooled by now NO liquid core not as much fission creating heat no atmosphere |
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ORIGIN OF THE MOON:
double planet theory |
clump together masses
CHALLENGE: different densities and compositions |
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ORIGIN OF THE MOON:
fission |
lump of earth flies off
CHALLENGE: different elemental abundances and wrong orbit |
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ORIGIN OF THE MOON:
capture |
moon formed elsewhere & captured in our gravity
CHALLENGE: very difficult to do w/o retrorockets |
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ORIGIN OF THE MOON:
giant impact theory |
mars type object hits earth -> orbits
WORKS: density difference different elements CHALLENGE: what are chances of collision? |
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crazy moon stuff
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- we should not have a moon that big
- wider on equators than poles - tilt of earth would change in not so big |
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solar system
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anything on orbit around sun
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solar system's components
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asteroid
comet dust moons sun planets |
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asteriods
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old, cratered, abnormally shaped
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comet
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water, ice, carbon dioxide,
dirt, dust 10 km across |
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dust
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100th size grain of sand
flying all over space form planets |
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sun
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100x bigger than earth
10x bigger than jupiter 99.8% of the solar system [jupiter is more than 1/2 the rest] |
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planet sequence from sun
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptrue, Pluto
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solar system lay out
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- closer planets closer to sun
- orbit in a single plain [except pluto & mercury] - counterclockwise orbits - not very eccentric |
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terrestrial planets
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mecury, venus, earth, mars
smaller, lower mass, high density few or no satellites = fewer moons no rings slower rotation |
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jovian planets
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jupiter saturn, uranus, neptune
bigger, more massive, low density many satellites = many moons all have rings faster rotation |
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atmosphere and magnetic fields
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magnetic field has nothing to do with atmosphere
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mass and movement
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more massive things move slower at same speed
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jovian planet atmosphere
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hydrogen, helium, water, methane, ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
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atmospheres' primary contents
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primarily hydrogen and helium
enhances size |
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ATMOSPHERIC FORMATION:
catasrophic theory |
two stars collide
similar to giant impact theory |
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ATMOSPHERIC FORMATION:
evolutionary theory |
rotating gas cloud become condensed by consercation of angular motion
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mercury
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2nd smallest plante with pluto
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mercury's surface
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craters similarly old, but less deep than moon
--more gravity so sides don't bulit so high no maria, but SCARPS, fault lines |
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mercury's density
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lower density than earth, but more heavy elements [b/c of intense gravity]
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mercury's core and magnetic field
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big nickel-iron core
magnetic field 1% of earth's NO molten core |
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tidal lock
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simple rotio between rotation and revolution [same face always toward other object]
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mercury's rotation and revolution
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tidally locked to the sun by gravity
rotates 1.5 times per revolution 1 revoltuion =.5 solar day; 2 yrs = 1 solar day |
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caloris basin
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enormous crater impact [ripples]
sun's gravity locked onto area b/c densist tidal pt. at closest to sun |
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atmosphere and temperature on mercury
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large temperature variations
no atmosphere ice on poles and in crators |
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if you were on mercury's surface
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no atmosphere -- body pressure
10x influx of radiation intense temperature no oxygen b/c not atmosphere |
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venus
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closest planet to earth
close to same size and density as earth |
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venus' magnetic field
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molten core [spinning] but NO magnetic field
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venus' rotation
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rotates backwards
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venus' surface
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relatively flat
no wind evidence of past volcanism & platetectonics -similar to moon --yellow color b/c of sulfuric atmosphere |
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venus' atmosphere
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96% carbon dioxide; 3.5% nitrogen
sulfuric acid clouds 200 mi/hr winds surface pressure about 90x earth's -- much heavier greenhouse effect |
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venus' greenhouse effect
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temperature of 850F
gases trap heat no liquid water to dissolve carbon dioxide [primary difference btwn venus and earth] |
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mars
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1/2 size of earth
smaller denisty than earth |
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mars' rotation and orbit
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large variation in distance from sun [25M mi] -- eccentric
just longer solar day 25 degree axis tilt WRT the elliptic -- seasonal |
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life on mars
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- "plant life" theory
- canals -- channels on surface as if erroded by water - bacteria -- meteorite from mars with fossilized bacteria |
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surface
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valcanoes - olympus mons
valles marineris |
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olympus mons
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15 miles high' bigger than WA
advantage of low gravity & no plates |
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valles marineris
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deeper than grande canyon
as long as US is wide not errosional |
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mars' atmosphere
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95% carbon dioxide
no ozone to protect molecues oxygen rusts iron in soil 1/200 atmosphereic perssure of earth dust storms of very fine grains denser in past - water flow continuing to lose atmosphere ice on poles -- h20 and co2 |
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mars' moons
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phobos & deimos
less than 20 mi across irregularly shaped short periods [.3 & 1.3 days] |
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mars' magnetic field
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no magnetic core, but weak field
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