Astronomy Clep

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Astronomy

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Study of the stars- universe and every type of object that exists in the universe.

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Pythagoras

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proposed spherical earth and moon studied patterns of the moon and eclipses

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Aristotle

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Sun moved around the earth and earth is stationary

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Parallaz

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apparent changes in the position of an object resulting from the change in the direction or position from which it is viewed

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Aristarchus

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first valid idea of the scale of the universe

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Eratosthenes

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determined the circumference of the earth

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Hipparchus

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catalog stars by brightness

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Ptolemy

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correctly (very close) measured distance of the moon and formed the geocentric modle earth center and stationary

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Copernicus

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Polish- formed Heliocentric modle on an empirical modles (not theoretical but reproduces observed motions)

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Galileo

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invented the telescope

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Johannes Kepler

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formed Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

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Keplers laws of planetary motion

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1-The law of orbits- all planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun
2-The law of areas- a line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time
3-The law of periods- the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the axis.

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Issac Newton

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Law of gravity 3 laws of motion
1-Objects remains at rest if no external force acts
2-net force acts on an object it will cause acceleration
3-Every force has an equal opposite force

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scientific method

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a systematic approach to researching questions and problems through objective and accurate observation - collection and analysis of data direct experimentation and replication of these procedures.

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theory

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or an integrated set of statements that explain various phenomena.

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hypothesis

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a testable prediction—from the theory and tests the hypothesis instead of a general theory.

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Law of Nature

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a well-confirmed summary statement of how a natural phenomenon behaves.

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scientific notation

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(or exponential numbers) to express these measurements. A number written in scientific notation is a number between 1 and 10 and multiplied by a power of 10

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metric system

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a decimal system of weights and measures in which the kilogram (2.04 pounds) the meter (39.37 inches) and the liter (61.025 cubic inches) are the basic units of mass length and capacity respectively.

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Johannes Kepler

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formulated three laws to approximate the behavior of planets in their orbits.

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Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion ( Law of Ellipses)

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An ellipse is the path of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points (the foci) is constant. An ellipse has two axes of symmetry. The longer one is called the major axis and the shorter one is called the minor axis. The two axes intersect at the center of the ellipse.

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Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion ( Law of Areas)

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states that a line connecting the planet with the Sun sweeps over an area at a constant rate. In other words if the time for an object to move from position A to position B is the same as the time to move from C to D - the areas swept out are also equal.

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Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion ( Harmonic Law)

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details an explicit mathematical relationship between a planet's orbital period and the size of its orbit - a correlation noted by Copernicus.

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Newton's First Law of Motion ( Law of Inertia)

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states that an object continues moving at the same rate unless acted upon by an outside (external) force. If no external force interferes a moving object keeps moving at a constant velocity (both speed and direction remain the same). Similarly an object at rest stays at rest. This tendency of matter to remain at rest if at rest

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Newton's First Law

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is a statement of the modern principle of Conservation of Momentum where momentum (p) is an object's mass (m) times its velocity (v). Momentum stays constant if the outside force is zero.v

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Newton's Second Law of Motion ( Law of Force)

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states that if a force acts upon an object the object accelerates in the direction of the force its momentum changing at a rate equal to that force. Newton's first law is a direct consequence of the second: If no force acts there is no acceleration. No acceleration (a change in velocity divided by the time over which the change occurred) means no change in the velocity.