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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Astronomy |
Astro: star Nomy: law |
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The ancients believed the universe was _____________. |
Geocentric |
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Eratosthenes |
believed earth was round |
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Aristarchus |
Believed sun was center of universe |
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Nicholas Copernicus |
Believed in the heliocentric model of the universe, because of his study of "wandering stars" planets |
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Galileo Galilei |
Built his own telescope and also studied heavenly bodies, and agreed with Copernicus -looked at Milky Way of multitude of stars |
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Isaac Newton |
Defined the laws of gravitation |
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Kepler |
Discovered elliptical orbit |
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Astronomy in a nut shell |
Observational Astronomy (OA): the things we see/observe/witness happen |
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Theoretical Astronomy (TA) |
the things we predict based on physics/math. -goes hand in hand with Observational Astronomy; they help each other. |
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Throughout history Astronomy was used for: |
Navigation memorization of myths planting/harvest Planning religious festivals |
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_________________ and _________________ drew maps of the stars. |
Mayans, Egyptians |
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As ___________ _____________ ______________ advances, so did astronomy. |
mathematics, physics, observation, |
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Lippershy, an ex-glass maker, began experimenting ____________and invented the first ___________. |
Convex, Microscope/telescope |
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Know what concave is and what convex is. |
1 |
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What did Kepler prove? |
That the planets move in an ellipse rather than in a circle. |
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What did Newton discover? |
-Law of universal gravitation -All objects are attached to each other in a manner proportional to their masses, and improportionate to their distances. |
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Life Cycle of a Star |
1. Stellar nebula begins to condense, gravity pulling the gasses together to from a denser object. 2. Hydrogen gasses build up becoming more dense until the pressure is so strong that nuclear fusion begins. 3. the star converts hydrogen atoms into helium atoms and energy 4. the core of the star runs out of fuel and the star expands, becoming either a red giant or a red super giant. 5. a red giant becomes a diffuse planetary nebula 6. the planetary nebula condenses to form a white dwarf. 7. a red super giant will supernova or explode 8. the material that condenses after a supernova will either become a newton star or a black hole. |
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What's a Newtron star |
an incredibly dense object, 3X the mass of the sun, but only 20 km in diameter, spinning newtron stars are called Pulsars |
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Black Hole |
if enough matter condenses itself into a small enough space, black hole forms |
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Mass |
amount of matter anything has |
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Gravity |
a force of attraction between two objects |
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weight |
the gravitational pull on something due to its mass |
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Stars |
Hot ball of gas, mostly helium and Hydrogen. they are by gravity and give off |
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Our sun is a star, though most other star are too far away... |
AU-93 million miles light years-6 trillion miles the sun is 1 AU away, take 8 minutes to reach us. We use different units to measure massive objects in space` |
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Alpha Centauri |
the 2nd closest star to earth, 4 LY away |
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the color of a star shows how ________ it is, just like glowing metal does. |
hot cooler=darker hottest are yellow/blue H-C: blue, white, yellow, orange, red |
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Sun has _______________ years of fuel left, since it turns hydrogen into _____________. |
3 billion, Helium |
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Stars seem to move across the sky, from _________ to __________ |
east to west -caused by rotation of the earth -time of year - |
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Why does the North Star never seem to move? |
because of its location-allows for nighttime navigation |
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Constellations |
Ancient people saw patterns in the stars. Means cluster of stars in Latin they named these after mythological gods, heroes, and animals |
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Big Dipper and Little Dipper |
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor |
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Orion |
holding bow and club |
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Betelgeuse |
a red giant at Orion's shoulder |
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Solar bodies |
planets, natural satellites of the sun, made of rock or gas |
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Asteroids |
small rocks which are satellites of the sun, they exist primarily in asteroid belts. |
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Comets |
rock bodies which orbit the sun in a vertical trajectory; most are in the Oort cloud |
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Galactic bodies |
stars diffuse nebula-large clouds of gas in space |
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Cluster |
group of stars |
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Local Group |
our galaxy is one in a group of 50 galaxies -L6 is part of the Virgo super cluster |
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Compact stars |
white dwarf, neutron star, black holes |
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Cosmic bodies |
galaxies, spiral galaxies, Milky Way |
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Elliptical Galaxy |
-shaped like an oval -Irregular galaxy -bodies are not organized in a specific shape |
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Most distant cosmic bodies are __________ |
Quasi-Like, in Latin they can only be seen because they are so bright -some scientists hypothesize these are starts of new universes |
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Black holes |
dense points in space. -made when star explodes |
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Properties of a black hole |
-gravity is so strong, light is pulled into it. -astronomers must study black holes indirectly -scientists study x-ray radiation produced by heated gasses around black holes |
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The friction of gasses being pulled _____________ heat x rays. |
increases |
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Using the __________________________ observations discovered many sun sized black holes. |
Chandra x-ray |
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Singalarity |
"the matter in a black hole is compressed into an infinitly small volume singalarity |
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Event Horizon |
once passed, nothing will escape -wen objects touch it they will be spaghettified. |
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The compact center of a galaxy is called _________________ |
quazar |
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The existance of wormholes is supported by Einsteins theory of relativity |
Theory of wormholes gives a possible theory of the beginning of universe |
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Martian exploration has been limited to what? |
unmanned probes; no humans on Mars yet |
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Why are Satellites sent out to Mars? |
sent out periodically to relay information and data, photos, via radio waves |
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What are Rovers |
robots sent to surface of an astronomical body to collect data and transmit to earth |
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Opportunity |
-3rd Rover on Mars -its objective is to take panoramic and other high quality pictures of Mars surface. -powered by solar panels and moved using 6 independent wheels. -carries a spectrometer, which can tell which elements are in an object by how light interacts with it -has a magnet to collect iron -2 types of antennae for communication with Earth |
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Spectrometer |
tells which elements are in an object by how light interacts with it |
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Curiosity |
it's objective is to be a moving chemistry lab on Mars -has many more devices to test Martian soil and minerals Chemicam-spectrometer APXS-abrasion and drilling tools for sand |
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Sam |
samples atmospheric gases |
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Dan |
finds water under soil |
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RTG |
radioactive therma-elctric generator (radioactive core) |
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Mars ONE |
dedicated to making colony on Mars -see mars as a stepping stone -wishes to inspire youth technology has already been made |
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simulation |
test the teamwork of astronauts |
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Mass transit vehicle takes humans to Mars and then orbits the planet after use |
Similar transit molecules will carry life support uniports, living units and rovers |
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Life Support |
rollable solar panels melts ice from ground water water made into oxygetn |
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Interplanetary travel differs from interstellar travel how? |
between planets where as interstellar travels is travel between stars |
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Interstellar travel poses several problems |
-long distance requiring high speed on a prolonged trip -to Alpha centauri, takes 100 years Oxygen/ hydrogen common rocket problems |
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How rockets work |
fueled by liquid form of oxygen and hydrogen fuel is mixed in a combustion chamber and ignited the fore to both sides is balance but the exploding force up and down is unbalanced upward motion caused only c thrusters on the sides of this shop stabilize it and adjust its course |
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Entering an atmosphere |
-heat shield protects the ship from plasma, heated by compression of re-entry -decomposition of gas creates col |
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Rocket companies in the u.s. include: |
NASA, Space-X, Blue origin, Virgin Galactic |
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Landing rockets |
A. Mars has a thing atmosphere so parachutes hardly work there
B. all flying craft includes spacecraft are massive-1/2 ton C. speed of martian re-entry 12000 mp D. impact speed 20-50 mph E. Landing on asteroids is more difficult |
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Systems for organizing 1 year |
1. Egyptian-365, 12 moon cycles 29 1/2 days 2. Romans used 365, off by 11 minutes 3. Gregorian cal calculates those minutes into an extra day every few hundred years. |
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How long did it take the satellite to get to Pluto? |
1 decade, fastest ever built |
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what did they find on Pluto? |
scarred surface, no water crater 2 miles deep, 45 miles in diameter frozen methane water, nitrogen |
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Cycles of the Moon |
1. Rotates on it's axis 2. revolves around earth 3 Doesn't make its own light, just reflects the sun's light 4. Because the sun lights the moon, half is always lit 5. a day and a year on the moon take the same amount of time |
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Since the moon goes around the earth we see it from different ___________ |
angles ---the half we face is NOT always the lit half |
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Waxing phases happen as the moon _________ in brightness, and waning phases happens as the moon _________ |
increases, decreases (think of a candle; its made of way and it gets lit) |
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eclipse |
occurs when the sun light is obstructed and a shadow is cast |
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solar eclipse |
when a shadow is cast on earth by the moon |
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total eclipse |
when all the sun's light is blocked on a certain portion of the globe |
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partial eclipse |
wen part of the sun's light is blocked by the moon-every 1.5 years |
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lunar eclipse |
happens when the shadow of earth covers the moon moon's shadow isn't very large, so not everyone gets to see it when it occurs uses special goggles or welding mask to view-sun glasses not dark enough Umbra Penumbra |
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total lunar eclipse |
moon will seem to disappear wear as the penumbra may make the moon look red -atmosphere removes some of the wave lengths from the suns rays |
