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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are three major types of Plate Boundaries?
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Divergent, Convergent, Transverse
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Explain Divergent Plate boundaries.
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(separating) new oceanic crust forms from upwelling rocks below. Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys
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Explain Convergent Plate boundaries.
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Plates come together (converge) to form subduction zones if one of the plates is oceanic. continent collisions result in large mountain ranges.
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Explain Transverse Plate boundaries.
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When 2 plates move side by side. Produces long valleys w/ grond offset along it.
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How does Plate tectonics on Earth work?
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It is driven by the convection in the mantle moving crustal plates. Plates can be continental and/or oceanic rock.
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What types of plates can there be?
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Continental, oceanic
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Why are many small worlds in the outer solar system active?
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Tidal heating and ice geology (melts @ low temperatures)
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How can you estimate the sequence of events in relation to surface process?
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Each surface process tends to erase the others, so you can use the overlay of one on the other to estimate the sequence of events.
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What are three parts to erosion?
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the source rock,
the eroding material (ice/wind/water), the sediment |
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What is erosion?
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the breakdown & transportation of rock by wind/water/moving ice.
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What is tectonics?
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the shaping of the surface by internal processes. They are either compression, or extension.
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What is the result of the compression tectonic process?
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(squeezing) Mountains
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What is the result of the extension tectonic process?
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(stretching) cracks and valleys
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What is a geyser?
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superheated liquid forced up to the surface; related to volcanism.
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What is volcanism?
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the eruption of molten rock (lava) or ice (outer solar system) from the interior onto the surface.
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What do volcanic structures depend upon?
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Viscosity of the lava.
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What does low viscosity produce?
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lava plains
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What does high viscosity produce?
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stratovolcanoes
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What does moderate viscosity produce?
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shield volcanoes
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What's the best way to estimate the age of a planetary surface?
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by the # of impact craters it has.
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If a planet has many craters, what does this imply about the planet's age?
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it is an old surface. impacts were most common in the early solar system.
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What are impact craters?
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circular depressions, often surrounded by walls.
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Why are almost all craters round?
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the impactor explodes on impact, creating an explosion crater much larger than the impactor itself
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What do volcanism and tectonics both depend on?
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the amount of internal heating a world has.
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What are the 4 processes that shape planetary surfaces?
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impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics, erosion
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How have additional solar systems been found?
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by studying nearby stars.
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What kind of planets have been mostly discovered?
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large Jovian worlds close to their stars.
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Why is it surprising that the planets discovered are mostly large jovian worlds close to their stars?
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because jovian planets formed far away, and now are found close to the star. how does a jovian world move closer in to their star? this is reasonable b/c jovian gravity throws small bodies out of solar system, & should push jovians inward.thick disks might have enough friction 2 cause larger cores closer in, & might increase friction, causing jovians to spiral inward.
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What are the 5 major steps in the formation of the solar system?
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1. Collapse to a disk
2. Condensation 3. Accretion 4. Gas accretion & Moons 5. Clean-up & Migration |
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What occurs in the 1st step of solar system formation?
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Stars form from gravitational collapse of clouds in the interstellar medium (gas between the stars). Heating, spinning, & colliding leads to a star w/a protoplanetary disk around it.
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What occurs in the 2nd step of solar system formation?
(Condensation) |
The disk is made of gases (H, He), hydrogen compounds, rocks, & metals. Temperature determines which of these condense in2 solids in diff parts of the disk; rock & metal everywhere, hydrogen compounds just far from the sun.
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What occurs in the 3rd step of solar system formation?
(Accretion) |
Solid grains accreted to form planetesimals & protoplanets. this produced terrestrial planets & cores of giant planets (which got bigger b/c of solid ices). random collisions produced exceptional bodies.
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What occurs in the 4th step of solar system formation?
(Gas Accretion) |
far from the sun, large protoplanets accreted gas from the disk to become jovian planets. disks around jovian planets produced moons.
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What occurs in the 5th step of solar system formation?
(Clean-up) |
asteroids & comets are leftover planetesimals
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How is the age of the solar sytem estimated?
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Using radioactive decay or materials in meteorites.
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What's the age of the solar system?
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4.5-4.6 billion years old
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What are models of the solar system formation based off of?
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applying physical laws to objects in star forming regions.
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What are the 5 big trends in the solar system?
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1. Sun is ordinary star
2. Planets orbit & Sun spins in the same plane. 3. 2 main types of planets 4. many comets & asteroids 5. exceptions to overal trends. |
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Describe Jovian planets.
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larger, fluid, low density worlds far from the Sun.
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Describe terrestrial planets.
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small, solid rock & metal, high density worlds close to the Sun.
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Opaque objects emit light depending on their _________?
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temperature (thermal energy)
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The hotter an opaque object is, the more energetic the _____ they emit.
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light
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The glow of a really hot object is...
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bluer & brighter, or even w/ UV, or X rays.
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What can you calculate with this formula:
2900000nmK / wavelength |
the temperature from the dominant wavelength emitted.
Temp = 2900000nmK / wavelength |
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What are the lights that make up the electromagnetic spectrum from low energy to high energy?
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Radio. Microwave. Infrared. Visible. Ultraviolet. X-Rays.
(Rambo Met Inez Visiting Uncle xRay) |
(Rambo Met Inez Visiting Uncle xRay) |
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High energy light has ________ frequency and ________ wavelength.
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High; short
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Low energy light has _________ frequency and ________ wavelength.
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low; long
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People & planets give off this type of light energy.
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Infrared.
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This type of light energy is the only kind we can see.
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Visible. white is the mix of all colors. low to high (roygbiv)
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What are the 4 main ways in which light & matter interact with each other?
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Emission. Absorption. Transmission. Reflection.
(EATR) |
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Describe Emission
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Matter gives off light
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Describe Absorption
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Matter retains the light that falls on it (it keeps the light energy)
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Describe Transmission
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Matter lets light pass right through
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Describe Reflection
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Light bounces off matter, w/o being changed (except the direction it goes)
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Light is a form of ___________.
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energy
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Light is energy carried by _________________ ___________.
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electromagnetic waves.
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We can also think of light as ______________.
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particles
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Starts with a 'p'
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Is escape velocity different for objects of different mass?
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No. It's the same for objects of ANY mass.
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If an object is launched from the surface of a world with an escape velocity or faster, will it fall back to the planet's surface?
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Nope.
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What does this formula calculate?
__________ V(2GM/R) (that's a square root) |
escape velocity (V esc)
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________ ________ energy remains constant, though it shifts from more kinetic to more gravitational potential energy.
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Total orbital
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Matter can be treated as a form of __________ energy under some conditions.
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potential
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What does this formula calculate?
? = mc^2 |
Mass-energy
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Einstein.
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True or False:
Energy changes from one form to another, therefore it disappears. |
False. Energy is conserved, and it doesn't disappear.
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_________ energy is energy that is stored by working against a force (like gravity, pressure, etc.)
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Potential
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This type of energy is based on the motion of atoms.
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Heat/Thermal energy
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What happens to atoms at the 0-point on the Kelvin scale?
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The atoms stop moving.
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Absolute 0
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What does this formula calculate?
.5mv^2 |
the amount of kinetic energy
K=.5mv^2 |
the amount of this energy depends on the mass (m) and speed (v) of the object
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Units of energy is measured in Joules, which is the equivalent to....?
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(kg m^2 )/ s^2
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in kg, m, & s
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What are 4 types of energy?
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Kinetic. Potential. Radiative. & Mass-energy.
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Describe Kinetic Energy
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Energy of motion, including Heat.
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Describe Potential Energy
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stored energy, including mass-energy
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Describe radiative energy
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Light
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What makes matter move?
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Energy.
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Do photons have both mass and energy?
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Energy yes. No mass.
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Any body hotter than ___ K produces light.
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0
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Impact Craters change with _______.
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size
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Describe small impact craters.
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bowl shaped, no rim/walls
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Describe big impact craters.
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add walls/rim, bottom flattens out, central peak forms.
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What are other effects of impact craters around the crater?
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Ejecta blanket. Secondary craters. rays. regolith (impact gardening)
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How do we study the interior of a planet?
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Seismology (sound waves traveling inside a world)
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Higher density matter (rocks) sink into _________ density fluids.
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lower
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Give an example of differentiation with terrestrial world Earth.
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Iron sinks to core, lighter matter on top
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Give an example of differntiation inside an icy world.
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Rocks sink below ices
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Which worlds stay hot longer? Smaller or Larger?
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Large worlds stay hotter longer.
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What are current heat sources for terrestrial planets?
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radioactive decay (fission)
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What are current heat sources for Jovian moons?
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tidal heating & fission
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What were past heat sources?
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Accretion, Differentiation, Gravitational Potential energy
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What are current heat sources for Jovian planets?
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Contraction
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Explain contraction heating
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giant planet gravity compresses planet. as matter moves towards center it is falling. gravitational potential energy -> heat
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In order for Contraction heating to occur on a world, it must be made of ___________ material.
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compressible material (Hydrogen)
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Hotter interior, more fluid =
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convection
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Colder interior, more solid = convection or conduction?
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conduction
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Heat escapes more slowly on large or small worlds?
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large
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