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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spectrum
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The complete spectrum of light including: radio waves, infared, invisible light, ultra violet light, x-rays, and gamma rays
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wavelength
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crest to crest: the distance between adjacent peaks
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frequency
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Hz-beats per sec: describes the rate at which peaks of a wave pass by a point; measured in units of 1/s, often called cycles per second of hertz
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speed of light
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300,000km/s
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photons
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duality particle or wave: an individual particle of light, characterized by a wavelength and a frequency.
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types of light
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Gamma: most powerful shortest wave
X-ray: 1-20nm UV: sunburn Visible: 400-700nm IR: heat Radio: longest wave least powerful |
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atoms
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Protons: positive particles
Neutrons: no charge Electrons: negative particle |
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atomic number
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number of protons
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isotopes
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same protons diff neutrons
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molecules
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several atoms
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types of spectrum
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Thermal: just certain colors=hot gas
Absorption: cool gas –all colors some missing Continuous: all colors-solid |
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ions
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atoms with a positive or negative electric charge.
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doppler effect
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shifts the wavelengths of spectral features of objects when motion towards or away
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redshift vs blue shift
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-red is going away(longer)-blue is moving toward (shorter)
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Angular resolution(of a telescope)
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ability to see details
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refracting vs reflection
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refracting: using lenses to focus light from distant objects. Reflecting: uses a curved primary mirror to gather light to a secondary mirror that lies in front of it.
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adaptive optics
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helps with seeing: a technique in which a ground based telescope’s mirror flexes rapidly to compensate for the bending of starlight caused by atmospheric pressure.
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interferometer
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using several telescopes
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terrestrial vs jovian
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Terrestrial: rocky, similar to earth. Jovian: Gasseous, similar to Jupiter.
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hydrogen compounds
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common on Jovians
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asteroids and the belt
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small rocks that orbit a star –asteroid belt: mars to Jupiter
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comets
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ice –leftovers from formation
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nebular theory
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gas and dust forming our solar system
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accretion
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bodies hitting each other and growing: the process by which small objects gather together to form larger objects.
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planetesimals
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accretion in the solar nebula to form planets.
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radiometric dating
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method to date materials: comparing radioactive substance to the amount of its decay.
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extra solar planets
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over 160 planets known
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earths cross section
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Core -> Mantle -> Lithosphere -> Crust.
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lithosphere
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brittle upper crust, outer layer of a planet
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differentation
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process of gravity separating materials according to density—earth layered the most
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convection
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heat transfer by currents, wwarm material rises and cooler material falls.
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magnetic field
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region surrounding a magnet, generated by convection.
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seismic p vs s waves
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p primary (pushing) fastest—s-secondary (side to side) –will not move thru liquid
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aurora
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suns wind hits upper atmosphere, dancing lights in the sky caused by charged particles entering our atmosphere (aurora borealis)
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magnetosphere
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Region around a planet where charged particles are trapped by the planets magnetic field:
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Van Allen belts surround earth:
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a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, trapped by Earth's magnetic field.
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earth shapers
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Impacts
Volcanoes Tectonics (internal stresses) Erosion |
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Ozone
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The Molecule O3, which is a particularly good absorber of UV light.
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Greenhouse Effect
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warming of atmosphere by gasses
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greenhouse gasses
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water vapor and carbon dioxide and methane
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Moon Info
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Size-1/4 size of earth
Maria—dark old impacts –mascons Highlands—oldest white crust |
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moon origin
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a mars size object collided with earth and broke away material from earths outer layer and sent it into orbit around the earth.
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mercury
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Size-1/3 earth
Rotation-59days Revolution-88days Temperature-900F |
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Caloris Basin (Crater)—
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largest impact in solar system on mercury
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mercury shrinking
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formed sharp cliffs
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venus
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Size-same as earth
Rotation-243 days backward Revolution-225 days Temperature-900F-by greenhouse effect Atmosphere-90 times thicker than earth and 96% carbon dioxide Clouds-thick and sulfuric acid |
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mars
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Size-1/2 earth
Rotation-24h 30min Revolution-23 months(2 years) Atmosphere-1% earth carbon dioxide Channels—once flowing rivers Permafrost –at poles and maybe over planet water frozen |
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jupiter
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Size-11 earths
Rotation-about 10 hours Revolution-12 years Mass-318 earths |
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Great Red Spot (jupiter)
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hurricane over 300 years old
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jupiter zones
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whitish bands warmer
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jupiter belts
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dark bands colder
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ganymede
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largest moon in the solar system (jupiter)
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callisto
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3rd largest moon in solar system and most heavily cratered (jupiter)
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io
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jupiter’s moon with active sulfur volcanoes due to tidal heating
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europa
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ice covered cracked surface (jupiter)
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saturn
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Size-9 earths
Rotation-about 10 hours Revolution-29.5 years Mass-95 earths |
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Titan
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Saturn moon with thick nitrogen atmosphere
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roche limit
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area around a planet that will break up a moon
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cassini division
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gap in Saturn’s rings due to tides from shepherding moons
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ringlets
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Saturn’s rings are in small ringlets again may be due to shepherding moons
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Uranus
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Size-4 earths
Rotation-about 17 hours Revolution-84 years Tilt-98 degrees on its side |
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neptune
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Size-4 earths
Rotation-about 16 hours Revolution-165 years |
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triton
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moon around Neptune with active Nitrogen geysers
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