Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Asteroids: -Ceres |
discovered by accident, found one next to it that shouldn’t have been there, it moved, named after goddess of agriculture |
|
|
Asteroids: Bode’s Law |
-Johann Bode- each planet is 2x as far from the sun as the pervious one besides gap between Mars and Jupiter -Uranus worked well -Ceres fit too so did, Juno, Vesta and Pallas —> couldn’t all be planets |
|
|
Asteroids: |
-similar to stars -350 000 + mapped orbits -600,000 + known so far -Orbits |
|
|
Asteroids: Trojans |
-some asteroids orbit the sun same distance as Jupiter (ahead or behind it) -stable balance points -family of Trojans -Venus, Earth and Mars also have them |
|
|
Asteroids:Masses of astroids |
-estimates based on: brightness and amount of heat radiated -few big ones lots of small ones |
|
|
Asteroids: Composition of astroids |
-estimates based on color of there light -S-types- shiny, rocky and closer to the Sun -C-types- dark, carbon-y further out |
|
|
Asteroids: Size of astroids |
-combine mass and composition -not many big, lots of small |
|
|
Asteroids: Visits to asteroids |
-Ida- moon -Mathilde- rubble pile -Vesta- giant mountain —> songs of vulcanism |
|
|
Asteroids: Meteoroid |
-chunk of debris less then 100m across |
|
|
Asteroids: -Meteor |
-Streak of light when meteoroid enters earths atmosphere |
|
|
Asteroids:-Meteorite |
-chuck of debris that makes it to the ground |
|
|
Jupiter: Size |
-10 earths across |
|
|
Jupiter: -Why is it so bright |
-outer most layer is clouds -mostly hydrogen and helium -still has its primary atmosphere |
|
|
Jupiter: Rotation |
-9 hrs 55 min in a day -equator zones are rotating faster then poles- differential rotation -fastest spin —> falt |
|
|
Jupiter: -Bands |
-bright zones and dark belts -material in zones is moving up -material in belts is moving down -CONVECTION |
|
|
Jupiter: Weather patters |
-upwelling zones —> high pressure -sinking belts —> low pressure -Jupiter fast spin —> wrapped them around the planets |
|
|
Jupiter: -Zonal Flow |
-wind alternates east and west from band to band -fastest wind at equator —> slower at poles -turbulence at boundaries |
|
|
Jupiter: -Great red spot |
-2 earths across -swirling counter clockwise -at least 300+ yrs old |
|
|
Jupiter: -Interior |
-rotational flattening —> not flat enough, must have core -Comet Shoemaker- Levy 9- impacts over 6 days |
|
|
Jupiter: -Galileo Probe |
-descended for 1hr |
|
|
Jupiter:-Exploring Jupiter’s interior |
-ammonium hydrosulfide —> white -chemistry too tricky -Jupiter’s interiors -Molecular hydrogen-depht 100km temperature 300K pressure 10atm -Depth 20,000km temp 11,000 K -pressure 2 X 10^6 atm -60,000km temperature 18,000 K -pressure 4X10^7 atm -"Icy,rocky" core depth 70,000km -temo 25,000 K -Pressure 6 X 10^7 atm |
|
|
Jupiter:-Jupiter’s magnetic |
-similar shape as Earth’s much bigger -Aurora at the poles -Current sheet instead of Van Allen belts |
|
|
Jupiter: -The Galilean Moons |
-Discovered by Gallileo in 1610 -slightly smaller then the Moon to slightly larger than Mercury |
|
|
Jupiter: -Galilean Moons pt 2 |
-Discovered by Gallileo in 1610 -smaller than the Moon slightly larger then Mercury -ALMOST mini solar system |
|
|
Jupiter: Io |
-Active volcanoes -interior is kept hot and molten from tidal stresses from Jupiter and other Moons -suface —> young & smooth -particles from volcanoes swept into a ring b/c magnetic field |
|
|
Jupiter:-Europa |
-Surface is young and smooth -kept liquid by tidal stresses -possibly more water on Earth |
|
|
Jupiter: Ganymede |
-cratered older surface -density —> lots of water ice -similar history as the moon —> water instead of lava |
|
|
Jupiter: -Callisto |
-mostly undifferentiated ice rock interior -similar to Ganymede without its mysterious inner heat -More crater older surface -two massive craters with concentric “ripples” |
|
|
Jupiter: -Rings |
-Inside the innermost moon -Pieces chipper off nearby moons by asteroid impacts |
|
|
Saturn: Rings |
-thing flat ring -not solid liquid or gas -made of small particles orbiting by themselves -ice & refelctive |
|
|
Saturn: Thin and tilted |
-10-15m thick
-particles go astray --> get kicked back in -different times of Saturn's year we get diff views |
|
|
Saturn: how do the rings form |
-moon close to a planet gets a tidal bulge
-moon gets too close to planet --> gets torn apart -pieces keep orbiting and spread into ring -small moons/rocks are held together by interatomic forces |
|
|
Saturn:Rings up close |
-3 main rings- A, B, C -Cassini Division between A & B -Encke gap inside A -tens of thousands of ringlets makes up a ring |
|
|
Saturn: Ring details |
-spiral density waves
-high and low destiny result in ringlets -Moonlets- sweep out smaller gaps -resonances- particles in Cassini division get pulled out by the Mimas every other orbit -Shepard satellites: F ring is kept narrow by mini moons on either side |
|
|
Saturn: shiny |
Saturns outer most layer of clouds
-hydrogen and helium -cooler temp --> makes helium rain down into deeper levels |
|
|
Saturn: rotation |
-equilateral zones go faster vs poles
-day = 10hrs 46min -even flatter then Jupiter |
|
|
Saturn:Bands and zonal flow |
-colder means thicker clouds --> fewer glimpses to warmer more colourful lower levels
|
|
|
Saturn:Storms on Saturn |
less common shorter duration than Jupiter, harder to see b/c of thick cloud layers
|
|
|
Saturn: interior and magnetic field |
-similar to jupiter but less metallic hydrogen -weaker magnetic field -no moons deep inside it --> no plasma torus |
|
|
Saturn: the huygens moon- TITAN |
-featureless in visible light b/c of thick atmosphere
-cold --> gasses are too slow to escape -Cassini dropped a probe |
|
|
Saturn: Huygens probe |
smoggy atmosphere
methane rain, snow and fog ethane river, lakes and oceans -cold prebiotic Earth with no water vapour |
|
|
Saturn: Moons |
-6
-Enceladus -Iapetus -Lapetus - |
|
|
Saturn:Enceladus |
-coated in fine ice crystals
-tidal stresses keep it warm -icy particles from geysers form E ring |
|
|
Saturn: Iapetus |
-dark on one side light on other -tidally locked to saturn -leading face is dirty |
|
|
Saturn:-Lapetus |
-dark one side light the other -tidally locked to saturn -leading face dirty -orbiting in a thing ring of dust |
|
|
Saturn: all the other moons |
-55 more small ones
-irregular, small, inclined -trading orbits |
|
|
Saturn: Moons being made? |
-disturbance at edge of A ring -moon form from ring particles then move out? |
|
|
Uranus: brightness |
can be seen with naked eye
|
|
|
Neptune: brightness |
visible only through telescope |
|
|
Uranus:Discovery |
-British astronomer
-his sister was tech support -Uranus --> great grandfather of the gods |
|
|
Neptune: Discovery |
-Uranus was not orbiting as it should -Johann Galle finds it |
|
|
Uranus & Neptune: Outer clouds |
-hydrogen and helium + methane
-Methane absorbs red light --> why blue and green light is left -ammonia has frozen --> snowed down to lower layers |
|
|
Uranus: rotation |
-look for variations in magnetic field -17hrs -differential rotation -poles are fastest -rotates on its side |
|
|
Neptune: Rotation |
-track cloud features -17hrs -differential rotation |
|
|
Uranus: Bands |
hard to see on Uranus -colder --> thicker outer layers --> harder to see down to layers where bands form |
|
|
Neptune: bands |
-easier to see -maybe neptune is warmer |
|
|
Internal heat of Jovian Planets |
-distance from sun has most effect on temp -Jupiter gives off 2x heat it gets from the sun -still cooling off -Saturn gives off 3x the heat it gets from the sun -helium -Uranus gives off 1x heat it gets from the sun -Neptune gives off 2.7x the heat it gets from the sun -methane |
|
|
Storms on Neptune |
-harder to see, smaller, shorter lived -more active then Uranus |
|
|
Magnetic fields |
very tilted relative to axis of rotation substantially offset from the centres of planets insides must be different |
|
|
Interiors: Uranus and Neptune |
gas/liquid hydrogen and rocky cores like jupiter and saturn
slushy layer of water clouds electrically conducting, moving layer --> further away from center |
|
|
Big moons: Neptune's Triton |
-nitrogen geysers, water volcanos -orbits clockwise on inclined plane -deformed surface from tidal stresses as Neptune pulls it back |
|
|
Mid size moon- Uranus' Miranda |
-Weird surface features:ridges, valleys, oval depressions -Broken up and put back together -collision? tidal forces? |
|
|
Small moons: uranus |
22 more -inner moons linked to rings-irregular outer moons --> captured? |
|
|
Small moons: Neptune |
11 more -inner moons linked to rings -irregular outer moons --> captured? |
|
|
Uranus's rings |
discovered when light was blocked narrow with wide gaps (OPP SATURNS RINGS) shepherd moons ice is dark --> less reflective |
|
|
Neptune's rings |
thin, broad, all dark outer ring is clumpy higher density parts as "arcs" shepherd satellites cause clumps |
|
|
Pluto: Discovery |
Uranus wasn't orbiting where it should have been -Percival Lowell searched for it until he died -discovered by Clyde Tombaugh -named for the god of the dead |
|
|
Pluto: orbit |
-not circular
-eccentric -closer to neptune sometimes -inclined out of the plane of the ecliptic |
|
|
Pluto: moon Charon |
-bump on pluto
-named for the ferryman of the dead -useful for determining Pluto's size and mass |
|
|
Pluto: stats |
20% of earths diameter
0.2% of Earth's mass density implies its mostly water ice reflected light implies frozen methane |
|
|
Pluto: surface |
frozen nitrogen
young ice mountains weird snakeskin terrain |
|
|
Pluto: atmosphere |
layers of haze and blue skies
being stripped away by solar wind freezing out as it moves further from the sun |
|
|
Pluto: big moon |
cliffs trough and canyons
mountain in a moat patch of dark deposit |
|
|
Pluto:little moons |
Nix- red spot with crater
Styx- elongated Hydra-two moons stuck together Kerbos- coming soon |
|
|
Kuiper Belt: formation |
Jovian planets formed far out & spiraled in gravitationally flung most planetesimals out modified their orbits Neptune's migration left some objects in stable or resonant orbits |
|
|
KBOs and SDOs |
First KBO discovered in 1992 plus 100s+ SDOs small, icy, eccentric, inclined |
|
|
What is a planet |
international astronomical union: 1. it orbits the sun 2. massive enough at its own gravity has made it approx spherical 3. "cleared its neighbourhood" |
|
|
moving out |
Kuiper Belt Objects move in mostly circular orbits ~ 30-55 AU AU- average distance from Earth to the Sun Scattered Disk Objects more in more elliptical orbits |
|
|
Oort cloud |
-Huge clouds of trillions of objects orbiting the Sun -objects in the Oort cloud are too small dark and far away to see |
|
|
Comets |
-have been noticed for thousands of years -over weeks to months a faint fuzzy patch gets brighter and grows a tail then dims and shrinks again -omen of doom |
|
|
Where do they come from? |
-measure their orbits trace it backwards -long period comets, millions of yrs to complete an orbit, come from any direction in the sky, distant cloud -short period comets-200yrs to complete an orbit, come from close to ecliptic plane -we only see them when they're really close |
|
|
What are comets made of? |
-loosely pack ball of frozen gasses and dust -as it gets closer to the sun ice turns into gasses and expand into bright coma -gasses and dust get blow back by solar wind into 3 different tails |
|
|
Meteoroid swarm |
comet loses material on each trip around the sun dust and pebble sized fragments orbit and spread out |
|
|
Meteor shower |
-when earths orbit intersects a comets orbit -meteors come fro whatever group of stars we're pointing towards -Earth traveling through dirty party of space |
