Ast 111

Front 1

Earth Interior Structure

Back 1

Core:

1. The highest density level

2. Primarily made of metals such as nickel and iron. resides in the central core

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Earth Interior Structure

Back 2

Mantle:

1, Rocky material of moderate density

2. Mostly minerals that contain silicon, oxygen, and other elements

3. Forms a thick mantle that surrounds the core

Front 3

Earth Interior Structure

Back 3

Crust:

1. The lowest - density rock. Such as granite and basalt (a common form of volcanic rock)

2. Forms a think crust, essentially representing the worlds outer skin.

Front 4

Differentiation and Internal Heat

Back 4

The process by which gravity separates materials according to density, with high-density materials sinking and low density materials rising

Front 5

Internal Heat and Geological Activity

Back 5

Convection: The energy transport process in which warm material expands and rises while cooler material contracts and falls

Front 6

Magnetic Field

Back 6

The region surrounding the a magnet in which it can affect other magnets or charged

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Magnetosphere

Back 7

Acts like a protective bubble surrounding our planet, shielding Earths surface from the energetic charged particles of the solar wind.

Front 8

Why is Earth Geologically Active

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Internal heat drives geological activity, and Earth retains internal heat because of its relatively large size for a terrestrial world. This heat caused convection and keeps earth Lithosphere thin, ensuring active surface geology. Its also keeps part of Earths core melted, and circulation of this molten metal creates Earth magnetic field

Front 9

What processes shape Earths surface

Back 9

The four major geological processes are impact catering, volcanism, tectonics, and erosion. Earth has experienced many impacts but most craters have been erased by other processes. We owe the existence of our atmosphere and oceans to volcanic outgassing. A special type of plate tectonics shapes much of Earths surface, ice, water, and wind drive rampant erosion on out planet.

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Impact Catering

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The excavation of bowl- shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planets surface

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Volcanism

Back 11

The eruption of molten rock, or lava from a planet interior onto its surface

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Tectonics

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The disruption of a planets surface by internal stresses

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Erosion

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The wearing down or building up of geological features by wind, water, ice and other phenomena of planetary weather

Front 14

How does Earth Atmosphere affect the planet?

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Two crucial effects are

1. Protecting the surface from dangerous solar radiation ultraviolet is absorbed high in the atmosphere

2. The Greenhouse effect, without which Earth Surface temperature would be below freezing.

Front 15

Green House Effect

Back 15

The process by which green house gases in an atmosphere make a planet surface temperature warmer than it would be in the absence of an atmosphere.

Front 16

The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead:

Was there ever geological activity on the Moon or Mercury?

Back 16

Both the Moon and Mercury had a limited volcanism and tectonics when they were young. However, because of their small sizes, their interiors long ago cooled too much of ongoing geological activity

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Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze - Drying

What geological features tell us that water once flowed on Mars?

Back 17

Dry riverbeds, eroded craters, and studies of Martian minerals all show that water once flowed on Mars, though any periods of rainfall seem to have ended at least 3 billion years ago. Mars today still has water ice underground and in its polar caps and could possibly have pockets of underground liquid water.

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Why did Mars change

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Mar's atmosphere must once have been thicker with a stronger greenhouse effect, so Mars must have lost a great deal of atmospheric gas. Much of the lost gas probably was stripped away by the solar wind, after Mars lost is magnetic field and protective magnetosphere. Mars also lost water, because solar ultraviolet light split water molecules apart and the hydrogen escaped to space

Front 19

Is Venus Geologically Active

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Venus almost certainly remains geologically active today.

1. Surface shows evidence of major volcanic or tectonic activity

2. Retain nearly as much internal heat as Earth

3. Differs from Earth from lack of erosion and lack of plate tectonics

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Why is Venus so Hot

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1. Thick, Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere and strong green house effect.

2. Thick atmosphere is due to distance from the sun. To close to develop liquid oceans.

3. Carbonate Rock: Where most of outgassed carbon dioxide dissolved in water. (what happens on earth) allows earth to have liquid oceans

4. Cardon Dioxide remain in the atmosphere creating runaway greenhouse effect

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What unique features of Earth are important for life?

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1. Surface liquid water, made possible by Earths moderate temperature

2. Atmospheric oxygen, a product of photosynthetic life

3. Plate Tectonics, driven by internal heat

4. Climate Stability, a result of carbon dioxide cycle which turns requires plate tectonics

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How is human activity changed our planet

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1. Global average temperature has risen about 0.8c

2. Accompany by even larger rise in Carbon dioxide concentration, a result of fossil fuel burning

3. Global Warming

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What Makes A Planet Habitable

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1. Distance from the Sun

2. Maintain Internal Heat that allow volcanic outgassing to lead to our oceans and atmosphere, drives the plate tectonics that helps regulate our climate through the carbon dioxide cycle.

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What are Jovian Planets made of?

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1. Jupiter and Saturn are made almost the entirely of hydrogen and helium.

2. Uranus and Neptune are mode of mostly hydrogen compounds mixed with metal and rock. They lack solid surfaces but have very high internal pressures and densities.

3. Each Jovian planet has a core a 10 times as massive as Earth

4. They differ in there surrounding layers of hydrogen and helium

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What is the weather like on Jovian Planets

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1. Multiple cloud layers that give distintive colors

2. Fast Winds

3. Large Storms

4. Great Red Spot. Storm that rage for centuries or longer

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What kinds of Moons Orbit The Jovian Planets

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1. Caterogized as small, medium, or large

2. Most medium or large probably formed from in the disk of gas that surrounded the planets when they were young.

3. Smaller moons are often captured asteroids or comets

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Why are Jupiters Galilean moons geologically active

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1. Io is the most volcanically object in the solar system

2. Tidal Heating: Occurs because Io close orbit is made elliptical by orbital resonance with other moons of Jupiter

3. Europa and Ganymede may have a deep, liquid water ocean under its icy crust, also due to tidal heating

4. Callisto is the least geologically active since it has no orbital resonance or tidal heating.

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What Geological activity do we see on Titan and other moons.

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1. Many Medium and Large size moons show high level of past or present volcanism or tectonics.

2. Titan has a thick atmosphere and ongoing erosion.

3. Enceladus is also geologically active.

4. Triton has been captured by Neptune and is still active.

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What are Saturn's rings like?

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1. Countless individual particles

2. Each orbiting Saturn independently like a tiny moon.

3. The rings lie in Saturn's equatorial plane, and they are extremely thin.

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Why do Jovian Planets have rings

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1. Rings particles probably come from dismantling of small moons formed from disk of gas that surrounded the planet

2. Small rings particles come from countless tiny impacts on the surface of these moons.

3. Large ones come from the impact that shatter the moons

Front 31

Orbital Resonance

Back 31

A situation in which one objects orbital period is a simple ratio of another objects periods, such 1/2, 1/4, or 5/3.

Two objects periodically line up with each other, and the extra gravitational attractions at these times can affect the objects orbit.

Front 32

What are asteroids like

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Asteroids are like rocky leftovers from the era of planetary formation. Most are small, and despite their enormous numbers their total mass is less than that of any terrestrial planet.

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Why is there an asteroid belt

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The asteroid belt is all that remains of the swarm of planetesimals that once lay between Mars and Jupiter. Orbital resonance nudged orbits in this region, leading to collisions and gradually ejecting material, so that the region lost most of its original mass. Resonances continue to shape asteroid orbits and lead to occasional collisions today.

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Comets

How do comets get their tails

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Comets are icy leftovers from the era of planet formation and most orbits far from the Sun. If a comet approaches the Sun, its nucleus heats up and its ice vaporizes into gas. The escaping gases carry along some dust, forming a coma, two tails: a plasma tail of ionized gas and a dust tail. Larger particles can also escape, causing meteor showers on Earth.

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Where do Comets come from?

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Comets come from two reservoirs: the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud.

1. The Kuiper belt comets still resides in the region beyond Neptunes in which they formed.

2. The Oort Cloud comets formed between the jovian planets and were kicked out to a great distance by gravitational encounters with those planets

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Pluto: Lone Dog No More

How Big Can a comet be

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In the Kuiper belt, icy planetesimals were, able to grow to hundreds of thousands of kilometers in size. The recently discovered Eris is the largest known of these objects and Pluto is the second largest

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What are large objects of the Kuiper belt like

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Like smaller comets, these objects are ice-rich in composition. They orbit the Sun roughly between the orbit of Neptune and twice that distance from the Sun. Their orbits tend to be more elliptical and more inclined to the ecliptic place than those of the terrestrail and jovian plants.

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Titan

Back 38

Largest moon

2nd Largest in the solar system

Atmosphere-- nitrogen, Argan, methene

Surface pressure is 1.5 times earth surface atmosphere pressure

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Uranus and neptune are made of

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methane, amonia, water