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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the thoracic cage?
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bony structure with conical shape, narrower at the top
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What defines the thoracic cage?
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sternum 12 ribs and thoracic vertebrae
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What does the diaphragm do?
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seperates thoracic cavity form abdomen
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What are the costochondral junctions
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places where ribs join cartilages
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Where is the suprasternal notch?
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just above sturnum, between clavicles
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Another name for sternum?
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breastbone
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Three parts of sternum
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manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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Another name for manubriosternal angle
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Angle of louis
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What is the angle of louis
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where body of sternum and manubrium meet
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What does the angle of louis mark?
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where trachea splits into lungs
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What is the costal angle?
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angle rib cage forms
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Reference lines on the anterior chest?
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midsternal and midclavicular
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Reference lines on posterior chest
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vertebral and scapular
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mediastinum
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middle section of thoracic cavity
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what is in the mediastinum?
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esophagus, trachea, heart, great vessels
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highest point of lung tissue
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apex
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losest point of lung tissue
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base
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
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3
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
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2
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What seperates the lung lobes
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fissures
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what does the pleurae form?
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envelope between the lungs and chest wall
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What does the visceral pleura line?
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outside of lungs
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What does the parietal pleura line?
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inside chest wall and diaphragm
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What is the inside of the envelope formed by the pleurae form?
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pleural cavity
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What type of pressure does the pleural cavity have?
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negative, vaccuum
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What does the negative pressure of the pleural cavity do?
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holds the lungs tightly against the wall
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What do the trachea do?
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transport gases between the environment and lungs
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What do the bronchi do?
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transport gases between the environment and lungs
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What is the dead space in the lungs?
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trachea and bronchi
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What are the bronchi lined with?
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cilia
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What do cilia do?
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sweep particles upward to be swallowed or expelled
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What is an acinus?
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functional respiratory unit
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What does the acinus consist of?
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bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
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What are the 4 major functions of the respiratory system?
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suppy 02 to body for energy prod, remove CO2 as a waste prod., maintain homeostasis, and maintain heat exchange
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hypercapnia
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increase of CO2 in blood
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What stimulates breathing
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hypercapnia
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What is hypoxemia
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decrease in O2 in blood
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Which is more effective hypercapnia or hypoxemia
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hypercapnia
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what is surfactant?
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lipid substance needed for sustained inflation of air sacs
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When is surfactant present?
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32 weeks
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Vital capacity
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maximum amt of air that a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to maximum
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Residual Volume
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amount of air remaining in lungs even after most forceful expiration
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What group of people has the highest incidence of TB?
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asians
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What is the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio?
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lab measuremnt of amniotic fluid indicatng fetal pulmonary maturaty
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What condition is char. by a cough all throughout the day
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respiratory infection
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What is char disease associated with cough in the afternoon and evening?
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exposure to irritants at work
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Char disease of cough at night?
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postnasal drip, sinusitis
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Char disease of early morning cough?
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chronic bronchial inflammation of smokers
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Char of chronic bronchitis?
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hx of productive cough for 3 months of the year, X 2 years
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What does white or clear sputum signify?
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colds, brnchitis, viral infections
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What does yellow or green sputum suggest
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bacterial infection
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What does rust colored sputum suggest?
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TB, pneumococcal pneumonia
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What does pink frothy colored sputum suggest?
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pulomary edema, or side effect from med
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What does a dry cough suggest?
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eary heart failure
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What does a barking cough suggest?
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croup
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What does a congested cough suggest?
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colds, bronchitis, pneumonia
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What is paroxysmal noctural dyspnea?
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awakening from sleep with SOB, and need to be upright to achieve comfort
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What should the thoracic cage be like?
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symmetric, elliptical
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What is the dx when the anteroposterior diameter = the transverse diameter?
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barrel chest
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When does barrel chest occur?
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chronic emphysema
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How do you confirm symmetric chest expansion?
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place hands of back, put fold of skin between fingers, pt breaths, hands should move outward
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When does unequal chest expansion occur?
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atelectasis or pneumonaia,
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Another name for symmetric chest expansion
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resp. excursion
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What is fremitus?
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palpable vibration
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How do you assess for tactile fremitus?
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pt says "99", palpate over lungs with fists moving down back
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What should fremitus be?
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symmetric
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When does decreased fremitus occur?
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when you have obstructions
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When does increased fremitus occur?
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compression of consolidation of lung tissue
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What is rhonchal fremitus?
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palpable with thick bronchial secretion
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What is pleural friction fremitus
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palpable with inflammation of the pleura
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What should the predominant note over lung fields be?
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resonance
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Hyperresonance
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found when too much air is present
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conditions where you might find hyperresonance
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emphysema, pneumothorax
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What does a dull note signal?
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abnormal density in lungs
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conditions when you might see dull note?
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pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis or tumor
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What is diaphragmatic excursion?
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detects difference in lung size between inhalation and exhalation
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What is normal diaphragmatic excursion?
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3-5 cm
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Describe how to do diaphragmatic excursion?
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3-5 cm
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Which side is normally higher in diaphragmatic excursion?
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right side
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3 types of normal breath sounds
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bronchial, bronchovesicular, vesicular
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Pitch of bronchial sounds?
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high
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Pitch of bronchovesicular sounds?
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moderate
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Pitch of vesicular sounds?
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low
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Duration of bronchial sounds
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inspiration < expiration
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Duration of bronchovesicular sounds?
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inspiration = expiration
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Duration of vesicular sounds?
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inspiration > expiration
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Where should you find bronchial sounds?
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over the neck
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Where should you find bronchovesicular sounds?
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close to the sternum and back bone
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Where should you hear vesicular sounds?
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over lung fields
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what are adventitious sounds
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abnormal sounds
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rales
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crackles
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rhonchi
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wheezes
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atelectatic crackles
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short, poppleing, crackles
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What does normal voice transmission sound like?
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soft, muffled, indistinct
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What enhances sound heard over lungs?
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consolidation and compression
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how do you do bronchophony?
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have person repeat 99 while you listen over chest wall
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Normal findings of bronchophony?
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soft muffled, and indistinct
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Abnormal findings of bronchophony
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hear a clear 99
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How do you do egophony?
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auscultate while person says eee
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Normal findings of egophony
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hear eee sound
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Abnormal finding of egophony
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hear aaaa
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How do you do whispered pectoriloquy?
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auscultate while person whispers a phrase
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Normal findings of whispered pectoriloquy
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faint, muffled, and almost inaudible
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abnormal findings of whispered pectoriloquy
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heard clearly and distinctly
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When does clubbing occur?
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Chronic respiratory disease
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forced expiratory time
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number of seconds it takes for person to exhale from total lung capacity to residual volume
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What does forced expiratory time screen for?
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airflow obstruction
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what does a pulse oximeter assess?
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arterial O2 saturation
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When does a barrel chest develop in a child?
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asthma or cystic fibrosis
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What is Harrisons groove?
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groove in rib cage
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What disease does Harrisons groove occur with?
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rickets
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newborns first respiratory assessment
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apgar score
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When is the apgar scored?
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at 1 min and 5 min after birth
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A one min apgar score that indicates normal resp
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7-10
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kyphosis
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outward curvature of the thoracic spine
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Pectus excavatum
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sunken sternum
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percus carinatum
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forward protusion of sternum
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scoliosis
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S - shaped curvature of the thoracis and lumbar spine
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Normal rate for adult breathing
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10-20
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tachypnea
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rapid shallow breathing
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hyperventilation
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increase in rate and depth
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bradypnea
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slow breathing
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hypoventilation
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irregular shallow pattern caused by overdose
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Cheyne-Stokes
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cycle where respirations wax and wane in regular patten
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Biots respiration
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cycle where respiratiosn wax and wane in abnormal pattern
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