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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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precordium
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area on anterior chest overlying heart and great vessels
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Great vessels
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major arteries and veins connected to heart
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where is the base found
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top of heart
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where is the apex found
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bottom of heart
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what produces apical impulse
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apex beating against chest wall
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What return unoxgenated venous blood to the right side of the heart?
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superior and inferior vena cava
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what carries venous blood to lungs
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pulmonary arteries
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what returns freshly oxygenated blood back to heart
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pulmonary veins
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pericardium
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tough, fibrous, double walled sac
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what does the pericardium do?
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surrounds and protects the heart
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how many layers does the pericardium have?
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2
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What is between the two layers of the pericardium?
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pericardial fluid
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What does pericardial fluid ensure?
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smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle
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What is the myocardium?
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the muscular wall of heart
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What does the myocardium do?
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pumping
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What is the endocardium?
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thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves
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3 layers of heart
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pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
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what seperates the four chambers?
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valves
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What is the main purpose of the valves?
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prevent backflow into heart
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What valves seperate the atrium and and ventricles
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AV valves
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What is the right AV valve called?
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tricuspid
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What is the left AV valve called?
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bicuspid or mitral
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When do AV valves open?
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during filling phase (diastole)
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When do the AV valves close?
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during pumping phase (systole)
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What valves are between the ventricles and arteries?
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semilunar valves
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What is the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart
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cardiac cycle
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What is the right semilunar valve called?
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pulmonic
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What is the left semilunar valve called?
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aortic
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When do the semilunar valves open?
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during pumping (systole)
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When do the semilunar valves close?
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during filling (diastole)
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precordium
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area on anterior chest overlying heart and great vessels
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Great vessels
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major arteries and veins connected to heart
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where is the base found
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top of heart
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where is the apex found
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bottom of heart
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what produces apical impulse
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apex beating against chest wall
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What return unoxgenated venous blood to the right side of the heart?
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superior and inferior vena cava
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what carries venous blood to lungs
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pulmonary arteries
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what returns freshly oxygenated blood back to heart
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pulmonary veins
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pericardium
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tough, fibrous, double walled sac
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what does the pericardium do?
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surrounds and protects the heart
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how many layers does the pericardium have?
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2
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What is between the two layers of the pericardium?
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pericardial fluid
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What does pericardial fluid ensure?
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smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle
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What is the myocardium?
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the muscular wall of heart
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What does the myocardium do?
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pumping
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first step of blood flow
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liver to right atrium
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When blood leaves the right atrium what valve does it pass through?
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tricuspid
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After traveling through tricuspid valve where does blood go?
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right ventricle
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What valve does blood go through when leaving the right ventricle?
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pulmonic valve
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After the blood travels through the pulmonic valve where does it go?
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pulmonary artery
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What does the pulmonary artery do?
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delivers unoxygenated blood to lungs
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Where does blood go after being oxygenated
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travels through pulmonary veins to left atrium
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What valve does the blood travel through when leaving the left atrium
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mitral valve
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After blood goes through the mitral valve, where does it go?
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left ventricle
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Where does blood go when leaving left ventricle
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passes through the aortic valve into aorta
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What does the aorta do?
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delivers oxygenated blood to body
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Two phases of cardiac cycle
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diastole and systole
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What causes S1?
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closure of the AV valves
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What does the closure of the AV valves signal?
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beginning of systole
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Where is S1 the loudest?
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at the apex
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When does S2 occur?
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closure of the semilunar valves
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What does the closure of the semilunar valves signal?
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end of systole
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Where is S2 the loudest?
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at the base
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what is the modifying factor in the development of cardio. disease?
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lifestyle
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Examples of lifestyles that increase risk of cardio. disease?
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smoking, diet, alcohol use, exercise patterns, stress,
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Major risk factors of heart disease?
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Hypertension, smoking, high LDLS, obesity, diabetes
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What is a characteristic of angina?
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clenched fist
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What is angina?
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chest pain
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What is dyspnea?
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shortness of breath
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What is orthopnea?
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the need to assume a more upright position to breathe
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What must you note with orthopnea?
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exact number of pillows used
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When would you see cyanosis or pallor?
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MI or low cardiac output
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When is edema dependent?
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heart failure
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CVP
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central venous pressure
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Where can you assess CVP?
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jugular veins
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What position in the person in to view CVP?
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supine at 30-45 degree angle
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What do you look for to judge CVP?
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point of maximal fluttering
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Where do you put the rulers to assess CVP?
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one on point of maximal fluttering and the other on the angle of louis,
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When is CVP considered abnormal?
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when greater than 3cm
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When does abnormal CVP occur?
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heart failure
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What is a heave or lift?
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sustained forceful thrusting of ventricle during systole.
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PMI
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Point of Maximal Impulse
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What is the normal size of the apical impulse
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1-2 cm
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What is a thrill?
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palpable vibration
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What does a thrill signify?
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turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs
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Where is the aortic valve heard?
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2nd right interspace
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Where is the pulmonic valve heard?
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2nd left interspace
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Where is the tricuspid valve heard?
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left lower sternal border
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Where is the mitral valve heard?
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fifth interspace at around midclavicular line
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Where is Erbs Point?
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3rd IC on left side
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What does a pulse deficit signal?
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weak contraction of ventricles
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How do you assess for pulse deficit?
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auscultate the apical and radial pulses
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What is a murmur?
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blowing, swishing sound occuring with turbulent blood flow
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How many grades of a murmur are there?
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6
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What is grade 1 murmur?
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barely audible, quiet room with difficulty
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What is a grade 2 murmur
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clearly audible, but faint
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What is a grade 3 murmur
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moderately loud, easy to hear
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What is a grade 4 murmur
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loud, associated with a thrill palpable to chest wall
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What is a grade 5 murmur?
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very loud, heard with one corner of steth. lifted off chest wall
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What is a grade 6 murmur?
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loudest, still heard with entire steth. lifted just off chest wall.
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How doe you describe murmur pitch?
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high, medium, low
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Murmur of mitral stenosis?
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rumbling
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murmur of aortic stenosis
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harsh
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When do fetal shunts normally close?
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10-15 hours
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