Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
318 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ADHD is characterized by a persistent, developmentally-inappropriate pattern of inattention and/or ___________?
|
Hyperactivity - impulsivity
|
|
|
What are the three subtypes of ADHD?
|
1. Predominantly Inattentive Type (>6 inattention sxs and <6 sxs of hyperactivity/impulsivity)
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive (>6 Hyp, <6 Inattention) 3. Combined (>6 Inattention and Hyper) |
|
|
A child with a learning disorder is most likely to receive a diagnosis of?
|
ADHD
|
|
|
What is a common co-diagnosis with ADHD?
|
Conduct Disorder (30-90%)
Other Common DX's are ODD, Anxiety, and MDD |
|
|
What are the prevalance rates of ADHD in school aged children?
|
5-7%
|
|
|
In order to make a diagnosis of ADHD when must the onset occur and the duration of sxs?
|
Prior to age seven and a persistence of sxs for at least six months in at least two settings.
|
|
|
What percentage of children with ADHD turn into adults with ADHD?
|
60%
|
|
|
Which symptom of ADHD predominates for adults? What are they at higher risk for?
|
Inattention
Higher risk for Bipolar Disorder, depression, anxiety, anitsocial behavior, and substance use. |
|
|
What brain abnormalities have been linked to ADHD?
|
Lower than normal activity in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and prefrontal cortex.
|
|
|
What is the behavioral disinhibition hypothesis (Barkley, 1990)
|
The core feature of ADHD is an inability to regulate behavior to fit situational demands.
|
|
|
What is the most successful treatment for ADHD?
|
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) or other CNS Stimulants and behavioral interventions.
|
|
|
What is conduct disorder characterized by?
|
Persistent pattern of behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or age-appropriate social rules.
- Little concerns for well being of others - tend to blame others - little or no guilt/remorse - misinterpret actions |
|
|
What does Conduct Disorder require in terms of criteria?
|
Presence of at least three characteristics sxs during the past twelve months.
|
|
|
What are the two subtypes of conduct disorder?
|
Childhood Onset (before age ten) - Greater tendency to be aggressive, Anti-Social later or abuse substance.
Adolescent Onset (After age ten) |
|
|
What two types of conduct disorder does Moffitt (1993) distinguish?
|
Life-Course Persistent type: combination of neurological impairments, difficult temperment, and environment
Adolescent Limited Type: "maturity gap" |
|
|
What is Pica?
|
Persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for at least one month without an aversion to food.
Onset: between 12-24 months |
|
|
What is the essential feature of Tourette's Disorder?
|
Presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneoulsy or at different times beginning before the age of 18.
|
|
|
What is the average age of onset for Tourette's? Which gender is affected more?
|
6 to 7 years, males.
|
|
|
What is the most common associated symptoms of Tourette's Disorder?
|
Obsession and Compulsions
|
|
|
Which disorder is related to higher-than-normal levels of dopamine and or supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in the caudate nucleus?
|
Tourette's Disorder
|
|
|
What is the treatment for Tourette's?
|
Pharmacotherapy (anti-psychotics)
|
|
|
What is the essential feature of enuresis?
|
Repeated voiding of urine during the day or night into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for three or more months.
|
|
|
At what age is enuresis diagnosed?
|
When in individual has reached the age of five.
|
|
|
What is the most common treatment for enuresis?
|
night alarm (bell and pad)
|
|
|
Why is imipramine a poor choice for treatment of enuresis?
|
Good for short term but not long term effects.
|
|
|
What does Separation Anxiety Disorder involve?
|
Developmentally inappropriate, excessive anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures. Disturbance must last at least four weeks, onset before age 18, and at least 3 characteristic behaviors must be present.
|
|
|
How is Separation Anxiety sometimes manifested?
|
As school refusal accompanied by a somatic symptom.
|
|
|
The essential feature of Reactive Atachment Disorder?
|
Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most settings that begin prior to age five.
|
|
|
What helps children in the areas of behavioral pediatricts and illness?
|
Open communication in language they can understand.
|
|
|
What type of interventions help reduce anxiety about a procedure for children?
|
CBT
|
|
|
What are hospitalized children and children with physical disabilities at increased risk for?
|
Emotional and Behavioral Problems
|
|
|
Which age group has the greatest difficulty in complying with medical regimens?
|
Adolescents
|
|
|
What are CNS Irradiation and Intrathecal Chemotherapy (Brown and Madan-Swain (1993))associated with?
|
Impaired neurocognitive functioning and a higher-than-normal rate of learning disabilities
|
|
|
What does Autistic Disorder require to be diagnosed?
|
Qualitative impairment in social interaction (at least two).
Qualitative impairment in communication (at least one) Restricted, repetitive, and sterotyped behavior (at least one) All prior to age three |
|
|
What is the prognosis for individuals with autistic disorders?
|
Poor - Only about 1/3 of individuals achieve some degree of partial independence. Best Outcome - Communicate verbally by age five or six.
|
|
|
What has autism been linked to?
|
Several structural brain abnormalities including smaller than normal cerebellum and enlarged ventricles.
|
|
|
What types of training are the most effective with autistic disorders?
|
Behavioral techniques; shaping and discrimination training (Lovaas, 1960's).
|
|
|
What is Rett's Disorder?
|
Characteristic pattern of symptoms following a period of normal development for five months or more. SXS: Head growth deceleration, loss of purposeful hand skills, development of stereotypical movements, impairments in coordination, loss of interest in social activities, imparied language, psychomotor retardation.
|
|
|
What disorder is characterized by a distinct pattern of developmental regression in at least two areas of functioning following at least two years of normal development?
|
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
|
|
|
Which Pervasive Developmental Disorder has no substantial delays in language, self-help skills, cognitive development, or curiosity?
|
Asberger's
|
|
|
What is the three diagnostic criteria that must be met for mental retardation?
|
1. IQ of 70 or below
2. Concurrent deficits or Impairments in adaptive functioning. 3. Onset prior to age 18 |
|
|
What is PKU?
|
Rare recessive gene syndrome that involves an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
|
|
|
What is down syndrome due to ?
|
Presence of an extra chromosome
|
|
|
What ages does stuttering typically begin? How can it be effectively treated?
|
Ages 2-7
Treatment: reducing psychological stress at home, regulated breathing and awareness training "Habit Reversal" |
|
|
Delirium is characterized by a disturbance in _________ that is accompanied by impairments in cognition and/or abnormalities in ______________.
|
Consciousness, perception
|
|
|
Symptoms of delireum can develop rapidly and ____________ in severity during the course of the day.
|
Fluctuate
|
|
|
What is the treatment of Delirium?
|
Provide an environment that minimizes disorientation and sometimes antipsychotic drugs.
|
|
|
What is Dementia characterized by?
|
Multiple cognitive deficits. Some degree of memory loss and aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia.
|
|
|
What is the difference between Dementia and Pseudodementia?
|
Dementia = problems w/ declarative memory
Pseudodementia = problems w/ procedural memory. |
|
|
What does Alzheimers usually begin with? Followed by what?
|
Anterograde Amnesia (Stage 1)
Retrograde Amnesia (Stage 2, 2-10 years) |
|
|
What kind of dementia is caused by cerebrovascular disease? What is it characterized by?
|
Vascular dementia. Characterized by a stepwise, fluctuating course.
|
|
|
How many stages are in AIDS Dementia Complex? Which stage is characterized by minimal or equivocal sxs? How about major signs of intellectual incapacity or motor disability?
|
Six Stages. Stage .5, Stage 3
|
|
|
Amnestic Disorder due to a general medical condition always involves what?
|
Anterograde amnesia and maybe some retrogade.
|
|
|
What about an inability to recall personal information?
|
Dissassociative Amnesia - Sometimes related to trauma or very stressful event.
|
|
|
What are some early signs of Dementia due to HIV?
|
Forgetfulness and impaired attention
|
|
|
What is Acetylcholine linked to?
|
Early memory impairment associated with Dementia of the Alzheimers type especially in the hippocampus and certain areas of the cortex.
|
|
|
What do MArlatt and Gordon (1985) refer to the typical reaction to a relapse?
|
Abstinence Violation Effect: self-blame, guilt, anxiety, and depression which increase susceptibility to further drinking.
|
|
|
What does Marlatt and Gordon's (1985) Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) entail?
|
Identifying circumstances that increase the individual's risk for relapse - for example: negative emotional states, exposure to environment, social pressure
|
|
|
Wha is included for successful smoking cessation interventions? (Three Elements)
|
1. Nicotene replacement therapy 2. Multicomponent behavioral therapy 3. Support from a clinician
|
|
|
A diagnosis of substance dependence requires how many characteristic symptoms? For how long? How about substance abuse?
|
3, 12 months
Substance Abuse = One SX, 12 month period |
|
|
What has the research shown is the most common precipitant of relapse in Alcohol and Other Substance Dependence?
|
A strong negative emotion
|
|
|
Marlatt and Gordon describe substance dependence as? When is the potential for relapse redueced?
|
Overlearned maladaptive habit pattern. When an individual attributes the relapse to specific, controllable, and external factors.
|
|
|
What is a major barrier to smoking cessation? What characteristics are associated with successful smoking cessation.
|
Fear of withdrawl sxs. Males who are older.
|
|
|
Inappropriate sexual and aggressive behavior, emotional lability, slurred speech, incoordination.
|
Alcohol Intoxication
|
|
|
Autonomic hyperactivity, insomnia, psychomotor agitation, transient illusions.
|
Alcohol Withdrawal
|
|
|
Korsakoff Syndrome involves retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, and _________ and is believed to be due to a __________deficiency.
|
Confabulation, Thiamine
|
|
|
What do symptoms of opioid withdrawal resemble? Nicotene withdrawal is characterized by?
|
Flu, depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, and decreased heart rate.
|
|
|
Schizophrenia Criteria
|
Continuous disturbance for six months or more that includes 1-2 months of active-phase sxs: i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech.
|
|
|
Five sub-types of schizophrenia
|
Paranoid Type: preoccupation with delusions are/or frequent auditory hallucinations
Disorganized Type: disorganized speech Catatonic Type Undifferentiated Type Residual |
|
|
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia
|
Biological Sibling (10%), Fraternal (Dizygotic Twin, 17%), Identical (48%), Child (46%)
|
|
|
Which ethnicity is often misdiagnozed as having schizophrenia? Why?
|
African American, bc more likely to experience hallucinations and delusions as sxs of depression.
|
|
|
What is the etiology of Schizophrenia?
|
Genetic, Enlarged ventricles, smaller-than-normal hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus.
|
|
|
What was the most widely accepted neurochemical theory of schizophrenia? What is a more recent theory?
|
Dopamine Hypothesis: schizophrenia is due to elevated dopamine levels.
Elevated levels of norepinephrine, seratonin, and low levels of GABA. |
|
|
When are family interventions beneficial for schizophrenia?
|
When they target high levels of expressed emotion.
|
|
|
What does the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder require the occurrance of?
|
One or more mixed or manic epidose with or without a history of one or more MD episode.
|
|
|
Percentage of women warranting a diagnosis of MDD or Bipolar after Postpartum onset?
|
10-20%
|
|
|
What is an effective therapy for seasonal affective disorder? What do individuals struggling with this crave?
|
Phototherapy, carbs
|
|
|
How much more common is depression amongst first-degree relatives?
|
1.5 - 3%
|
|
|
Deficiency in Norepinephrine is related to which hypothesis for depression?
|
Catecholamine Hypothesis
|
|
|
Bipolar I Disorders all involve one or more ___________ episodes w/ or w/o a MD episode.
|
Mixed or Manic
|
|
|
What is Bipolar II characterized by?
|
One Major Depressive Episode and one Hypomanic Episode.
|
|
|
Bipolar ____ is equally common in males and females, while Bipolar ____ is more common in females.
|
I, II
|
|
|
Bipolar Disorder has been most commonly linked to ___________ factors.
|
Genetic
|
|
|
What does treatment for Bipolar often include?
|
Lithium
|
|
|
A diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder requires a duration of sxs of at least ________ in adults and ___________ in children.
|
Two Years, One Year.
|
|
|
Until recently, the highest rate for suicide has been for individuals age?
|
65+
|
|
|
What did Beck say was the best predictor for suicide? How many months after depressive symptoms improve is suicide likely to occurr?
|
Hopelessness, Three
|
|
|
According to the DSM-IV-TR, the lifetime prevalance of Bipolar I Disorder in community samples ranges from _______ percent.
|
.4 - 1.6
|
|
|
When are the rates of MDD about equal for males and females?
|
Before puberty, after, females are twice as likely to experience.
|
|
|
What is a erotomanic delusion?
|
a false belief that another person (usually of higher status) is in love with that person.
|
|
|
What disorder does anxiety overlap with? What is anxiety associated with?
|
Depression. higher level of positive affect and autonomic arousal.
|
|
|
The diagnosis of Panic Disorder requires that at least some of the attacks be __________?
|
Unexpected
|
|
|
What is the recommended treatment for agoraphobia? What medications also are known to be useful?
|
In vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding). Imipramine, other tricyclics, SSRI's and Benzos
|
|
|
Mower's two-factor theory regarding Specific Phobia States?
|
It is a combination of classical and operant conditioning.
|
|
|
What is the treatment of choice for ODD? Who is it more prevalent in for adolescents and children?
|
Exposure with response prevention and either a tricyclic or SSRI. males
|
|
|
What is the best treatment for PTSD?
|
CBT
|
|
|
What are the EMDR effects for PTSD mostly attributed to?
|
Exposure to nonspecific factors.
|
|
|
Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities for a period of 6 months or more
|
GAD
|
|
|
An external benefit such as avoiding an unpleasant activity in the context of Conversion Disorder refers to what?
|
Obtaining External Benefits
|
|
|
Of which of the anxiety disorders has the highest comorbidity rate?
|
GAD
|
|
|
2 or more unexpected panic attcks, with at least one of the attacks being followed by one month of persistent concern about having another attack
|
Panic Disorder
|
|
|
How many characteristic symptoms are required for panic disorder?
|
4
|
|
|
What is a panic attack?
|
Discrete period of intense apprehension, fear, or terror that develops abruptly, usually peaks within 10 minutes, and is often accompanied by a sense of doom or an urge to escape.
|
|
|
Anxiety about being in situation or places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing.
|
Agoraphobia
|
|
|
What are the prevalence rates for Panic Disorder? Which gender agoraphobia is it more common with?
|
1-2% in a community sample with 1/3-1/2 also having agoraphobia. Females, up to 75%
|
|
|
Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia versus Panic Disorder without...Which one is associated with higher comorbidity?
|
PDA - 59% (Brown et al, 2001), found that PDA w/ a mood disorder or anxiety disorder.
|
|
|
What is considered the most effective treatment for Panic attacks and agoraphobia?
|
In vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding). Exposure is usually supplemented w/ Cognitive therapy, relaxation and breathing re-training, and/or pharmocotherapy.
|
|
|
What drugs are most responsive to Panic Disorder?
|
Imipramine, TCAs, SSRIs, Benzo, and for some anti-convolsants. When used alone, risk for relapse is very high 30-70% of patients experience a return of sxs within months.
|
|
|
What is the main difference between Panic Disorder and Social Phobia?
|
In social phobia the attacks are restricted to social and performance situations.
|
|
|
Do those w/ Agoraphobia suffer an increase or decrease in symptoms with a trusted friend?
|
Decrease. Social phobia causes an increase.
|
|
|
A marked persistent fear of a specific object or situation.
|
Specific Phobia. Exposure almost always causes a panic attack or other anxiety response. Individual either avoids or endures with distress. Adults - Recognize that fear is unreasonable
|
|
|
When is the onset of specific phobia?
|
Usually during childhood or in the mid-20's.
|
|
|
What are the five sub-types of specific phobia? Which one is the most common?
|
Animal, Natural Environment, Situational, Blood-Injection-Injury, and Other. Most Common: Situational (Fear of elevators)
|
|
|
How does the Blood-Injection-Injury differ from the other specific phobias?
|
Feared stimuli causes an initial increase in heart rate and blood pressure that is immediately followed by a drop in both, as a consequence, the individual faints.
|
|
|
What is the treatment of choice for specific phobia?
|
In-vivo exposure with response prevention. Also Cognitive self-control, useful for children's fear of the dark.
|
|
|
What has social phobia been linked to?
|
Biological factors (abnormalities in serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems), classical conditioning, and cognitive factors.
|
|
|
What is the treatment for social phobia?
|
Exposure combined with social skills training or cognitive techniques. Several anti-depressants have been found effective and the beta-blocker propranolol has been useful in reducing somatic symptoms.
|
|
|
According to the NIMH what "new" symptoms have to be present for Depression of Alzheimers Disease?
|
"Decreased positive affect or pleasure in response to social contacts and usual activities" and a "clinically significant depressed mood"
|
|
|
What percentage of children with a learning disorder also receive a diagnosis of ADHD?
|
20-25%
|
|
|
Where is the greatest percentage of neuron loss due to Alzheimers in the brain?
|
The medial temporal lobe which includes the entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus.
|
|
|
Which personality disorder could erroneously be interpreted as signs of depression?
|
Dependent Personality Disorder: A mood disorder must be considered because symptoms overlap (pessimism, self-doubt)
|
|
|
What factor contributes to the likelihood of a woman remaining in substance abuse treatment?
|
Child and Childcare Issues.
|
|
|
What is a second-line medication treatment for ADHD?
|
Anti-Depressants (Imipramine, bupropian)
|
|
|
What does early alterations in embyonic development lead to?
|
Largest percentage of mental retardation.
|
|
|
What is the critical underlying issues with Borderline Personality Disorder?
|
Abandonment
|
|
|
What method of intervention has the best long term effects for PTSD?
|
Prolonged Exposure
|
|
|
Compared to depression, anxiety involves what dimensions of emotion?
|
Similar level of negative affect but a higher level of autonomic arousal and positive affect.
|
|
|
______________ is a cause of delirium and may result from kidney or liver failure or from diabetes mellitus.
|
Metabolic encephalopathy.
|
|
|
Apathy, social withdrawal, and psychomotor slowing are characteristics of what type of dementia?
|
Dementia due to HIV
|
|
|
Following cessation of smoking a lapse is most likely to be triggered by presence of smoking cues and what?
|
Negative Affect
|
|
|
What are empirically validated treatments for primary insomnia?
|
Stimulus Control, Sleep Restriction, and CBT
|
|
|
What adolescent groups (Ages 10-19) had the highest and lowest rates of suicide between 2000-2005?
|
Native American/Alaskan Native Males and lowest for Black females.
|
|
|
How long does a Major Depressive Episode last without treatment?
|
3-6 months, About 50% with their first episode will fully recovery with another 40% having recurrance.
|
|
|
Undifferentiated Somataform Disorder requires one what?
|
Physical Complaint
|
|
|
How is masked dementia manifested?
|
Through somatic symptoms primarily without obvious cognitive-affective problems.
|
|
|
The use of fMRI to study ADHD and the brain has linked lower levels of metabolic activity where?
|
Pre-Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia
|
|
|
About 2/3 of smokers that quit either on their own or an intervention relapse within how many months?
|
3 months
|
|
|
What percentage of mothers experience post-partum blues?
|
50-80%
|
|
|
The rates for depression for married women are what?
|
Higher than rates for unmarried women and married men.
|
|
|
The loss of memory for personal information limited to a circumscribed period of time
|
Localized Amnesia
|
|
|
____________is a neuroleptic-induced movement disorder that is characterized by subjective feelings of restlessness accompanied by stereotypical motor movements such as fidgeting, pacing or foot tapping.
|
Akathisia
|
|
|
What is a "culture bound syndrome" as defined by the DSM-IV?
|
recurrent symptoms or dysfunctional behaviors that are recognized by members of a specific culture as an illness.
|
|
|
Long term alcoholism induced dementia have found decreased performance in what areas?
|
Visuospatial skills
|
|
|
What can an electro-lyte imbalance in bulimia nervosa lead to?
|
Cardiac arythmias and arrest.
|
|
|
Long term ego-syntonic characteristics are indicative of what personality disorder?
|
Schizoid Personality Disorder
|
|
|
In their reformulation of the learned helplessness model of depression, Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy said what?
|
De-emphasize the role of attributions and emphasize the role of hopelessness.
|
|
|
"Separation Tests" are good for which disorder?
|
Factitious Disorder by proxy
|
|
|
OCD is characterized by?
|
recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are severe enough to cause significant distress.
|
|
|
What are obsessions? What are compulsions?
|
Obsessions: persistent impulses, thoughts, or images that person experiences as senseless or intrusive. Compulsions: repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that person feels drive to perform.
|
|
|
Gender rates for OCD?
|
As Adults: same for both gender. As Adolescents: Males more because of earlier onset.
|
|
|
Etiology of OCD?
|
Low levels of Serotonin. Brain: Evidence that behavioral + Drug treatments both reduce activity in right caudate nucleus (responsible for converting sensory input into cognition = over active for people with OCD), also orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex, which mediate emotional reactions.
|
|
|
Treatment for OCD?
|
Combintation of exposure with response prevention and the tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI.
|
|
|
Difference between OCD and OCPD?
|
OCD = Obsessions and Compulsions, OCPD = preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
|
|
|
What does the diagnosis of PTSD require?
|
Exposure to trauma. (1) experiencing or witnessing an event that invovled an actual threat of death, serious injury to self or another person. (2) Elicits a reaction of intense fear, helplessness, or horror. SXS must be present for at least one month.
|
|
|
What are the three specifiers for PTSD?
|
Acute (1-3 months)
Chronic (3+ months) Delayed Onset (onset of sxs is at least 6 months after trauma) |
|
|
Treatment for PTSD?
|
Comprehensive Cognitive Behavioral approach that incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management. Also, SSRI. SXS of PTSD are usually worse with delayed onset.
|
|
|
Difference between PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder?
|
ASD = Less than 4 weeks, but must be 2+ days. Also 3+ dissassociative sxs.
|
|
|
What does GAD involve?
|
Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities that are relatively constant for at least six months, person finds it difficult to control, and are disproportionate to the feared events or their potential impact. Must have 3+ sxs: restlessness, feeling on edge, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.
|
|
|
What do children w/ GAD often worry about? How about young adults? What about elder adults?
|
School or sports activity, or tornadoes, earthquakes, or other disasters. Young adults: Work, family, finances, future. Elder: personal health and minor routine matters.
|
|
|
What has research shown with anxiety and older adults?
|
Might be twice as common in older adults than depression. More likely to cause cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and problems with carrying out daily activity.
|
|
|
Treatment for GAD?
|
Multi-component CBT and maybe even drugs SSRIs and anxiolytic buspirone (buspar).
|
|
|
The Somatoform disorders are all characterized by sxs that suggest a medical condition but for which there is no evidence of a general medical condition or _____________
|
Substance use.
|
|
|
Criteria for Somatization Disorder?
|
Recurrent multiple somatic complaints before age 30 and have persisted for several years, med attn sought w/ no explanation. Must include at least 4 pain sxs: 2 Gastro, 1 Sexual, 1 Pseudoneurological.
|
|
|
Co-Occurring mental disorder with Somatization Disorder?
|
1+ personality do, followed by MDD, and GAD.
|
|
|
What is Conversion Disorder characterized by?
|
SXS that involve voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition (e.g., paralysis, seizures, blindness, loss of pain sensation).
|
|
|
What do some people with Conversion Disorder exhibit?
|
"La Belle Indifference" or lack of concern about their sxs.
|
|
|
What does the DSM describe as the etiology of conversion disorder?
|
2 Mechanisms: Primary gain, out of conscious awareness, Secondary Gain: sx helps person avoid unpleasant activity.
|
|
|
What are some differential diagnosis with Conversion Disorder?
|
Factitious Disorder or Malingering.
|
|
|
Unrealistic preoccupation with a serious illness based on a misinterpretation of bodily sxs.
|
Hypochodriasis: They will doctor shop, feel as tough they are not receiving appropriate care, strongly resist referrals for mental health treatment.
|
|
|
Presence of one or more physical complaints that have lasted at least 6 months, and cannot be fully explained by a medical condition.
|
Undifferentiated Somatoform DO.
|
|
|
Adopting the sick role, intentionally produced.
|
Factitious DO. Overly dramatic, vague and inconsistent with details.
|
|
|
What is Factitious Disorder by Proxy?
|
Intentional sxs produced by caregiver in another individual.
|
|
|
Treatment for Factitious DO?
|
Good supportive therapy.
|
|
|
Difference between factitious disorder and malingering?
|
Factitious DO = external reward. Malingering = seeking med eval for legal reasons, marked discrepency between sxs and objective findings, no cooperation with diagnostic evaluation.
|
|
|
Primary feature of Dissociative Disorders?
|
Disruption in consciousness, identity, memory or perception of the environment that is not due to substance or psychological sxs.
|
|
|
1+ episodes of an inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to normal forgetfulness.
|
Dissociative Amnesia - related to gaps in memory related to trauma or stressful event.
|
|
|
Patterns of Dissociatuve Amnesia?
|
1. Localized: Cannot remember all events circumscribed period of time. 2. Selective: Cannot remember SOME events of a circ period of time. 3. Generalized: Encompasses his/her entire life. 4. Continuous: From a certain time period until present. 5. Systematized: Unable to recall memories related to a specific catagory.
|
|
|
Abrupt, unexpected travel away from home or work with an inability to recall some or all of one's past.
|
Dissociative Fugue: Exhibits confusion about his/her personal identity or a partial or total assumption of a new identity. Person may not recall events.
|
|
|
One or more episodes of depersonalization, which involves a feeling of detachment or estrangement from one's mental processes or body.
|
Depersonalization Disorder
|
|
|
What is the appropriate diagnosis for a woman with pseudocyesis (Believes she is pregnant when she is not)?
|
Somatoform Disorder NOS
|
|
|
What does the DSM-IV decribe the four sexual responses as?
|
Desire, Excitement, Orgasm, and Resolution.
|
|
|
An inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection? What are the physical factors related to this disorder?
|
Male Erectile Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Liver and Kidney Disease, MS, Antipsychotic, anti-depressant, and hypertensive drugs.
|
|
|
Delay or absense of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase.
|
Female/Male Orgasmic Disorder.
|
|
|
When is premature ejaculation get diagnosed?
|
When an orgasm or ejaculation happen before you want it to. Linked to low Serotonin and can be treated with an SSRI.
|
|
|
What involves great pain with sexual intercourse? What is it when involuntary spasms occur in the perineal muscle?
|
Dyspareunia, Vaginsimus.
|
|
|
What is the most successful treatment for premature ejaculation and vaginismus?
|
Sex therapy. Techniques: Sensate focus
|
|
|
Intense recurrent sexual urges, fantasies or behavior?
|
Paraphilias: Include Fetishism, Transvestic fetishism, Pedophilia, Exhibitionism, Voyerism, Sexual Masochism, Sexual Sadism, And Frotteurism.
|
|
|
What treatments are used for paraphilias?
|
In vivo aversion = only good for short term. Covert sensitization, Satiation, Orgasmic Reconditioning.
|
|
|
Age of onset for gender identity disorder?
|
Between 2-4.
|
|
|
Marlatt and Gordon's relapse prevention model focuses on what?
|
Situations antecedent to relapse
|
|
|
Dysgraphia, finger agnosia, alcalculia, right left disorientation.
|
Gerstmann's Syndrome
|
|
|
What is required to make a DIAGNOSIS of MENTAL RETARDATION?
|
3 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA:
~IQ <70 ~CONCURRENT DEFICITS/IMPAIRMENTS IN AT LEAST 2 AREAS ~onset: PRIOR TO AGE 18 |
|
|
What are some EARLY SIGNS OF MR?
|
~DELAYS IN MOTOR DEV.
~A LACK OF AGE APPROPRIATE INTERESTS IN ENVIRON STIMULI |
|
|
In MR, what are examples of LACK OF AGE APPROPRIATE INTERESTS?
|
~NO EYE CONTACT DURING EATING
~LESS RESPONSIVE TO VOICE & MOVEMENT |
|
|
ETIOLOGY/%rates OF MR
|
~30%-EMBRYONIC DEV/PRE-NATAL
~15%-20%-ENVIRON ~10%-PREGN/PERINATAL ~5%-HEREDITARY ~30% TO 40%-UNKNOWN |
|
|
What is PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)?
|
~A rare RECESSIVE GENE SYNDROME.
~INABILITY TO METABOLIZE HIGH PROTEIN FOODS (eg power bars) OR THE AMINO-ACID, PHENYLALANINE (aspartame contains 50% of it) |
|
|
Describe DOWN SYNDROME.
|
~aka "TRISOMY 21"
~caused by an EXTRA CHROMOSOME ~10% - 31% MOD. TO SEV. MR |
|
|
What is BORDERLINE INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONIONG?
|
~An IQ 71 TO 84
~IQ bet 1 & 2 SD below mean |
|
|
What is the IQ of someone w/ MR & w/ SUBSTANTIAL DEFICITS in ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING?
|
-IQ 71 TO 75
|
|
|
What is required for DX LEARNING DISORDERS?
|
2 OR MORE SD BET. ACHIEV. & IQ SCORES (SIGNIFICANT)
|
|
|
What are the assoc. features of LEARNING DISORDERS?
|
~Delays in LANGAUGE DEV &/or MOTOR COORD, ATTENTION & MEMORY DEFICITS.
~LOW SELF-ESTEEM. ~AVERAGE TO ABOVE AVERAGE IQ ~COMORBID DISORDER, 20% TO 30% HAVE ADHD ~AT-RISK FOR ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR |
|
|
What is the PROGNOSIS of LEARNING DISORDERS?
|
~Problems progress to ADOLES-ADULTHOOD
~1/3 as adults have PSYCHOSOCIAL problems. |
|
|
WHAT ARE THE AGES WHEN STUTTERING OCCURS?
|
~2 --- 7 YO
(60% REMIT BY 16 YO) ~ 3 X MALES |
|
|
What are the other COMMUNICATION DISORDERS?
|
~EXPRESSIVE language disorder
~MIXED EXPRESSIVE-RECEPTIVE language disorder ~PHONOLOGICAL DISORDER |
|
|
CATEGORIES OF AUTISTIC DISORDER
|
QUALITATIVE IMPAIRMENT:
****COMMUNICATION ****SOCIAL INTERACTION ~RESTRICTED, REPETITIVE, AND STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR, INTERESTS, & ACTIVITIES |
|
|
What is the TXT of choice for STUTERING?
|
-HABIT REVERSAL TRAINING
(Based on AWARENESS training & SOCIAL SUPPORT) |
|
|
How many sx's are required when DIAGNOSING AUTISTIC DISORDER?
|
minimum:
~2 sx's FROM CATEGORY 1 ~1 sx from the 2nd and 3rd categories (6 sx's TOTAL) ~some sx's < 3 YO |
|
|
What are STEREOTYPED BEHAVIORS?
|
-HAND-FLAPPING
-ROCKING -SPINNING |
|
|
What are some signs for the BEST OUTOCOME for AUTISTIC CHILDREN?
|
~COMMUNICATE BY 5 OR 6 YO
~> or = to 70 IQ ~LATER ONSET OF SX'S |
|
|
ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM
|
~SMALL CEREBELLUM
~BIG VENTRICLES ~ABNORMAL LEVELS OF DOPA, NORE, SERO ~LANGUAGE SYMPTOMS: A disturbance in the pragmatic use of language as manifested by an inability to integrate words with gestures |
|
|
What is addressed in the TREATMENT OF AUTISM?
|
-ENHANCE:
~DAILY LIVING ~COMMUNICATION ~SOCIAL SKILLS -DECREASE UNDESIRABLE BEH |
|
|
What are other TREATMENTS of AUTISM CONT'D?
|
~SHAPING AND DISCRIMINATION (IMPROVE COMMUNICATION)
~VOCATIONAL TRAINING & PLACEMENT (SHELTERED WORKSHOPS & SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT) |
|
|
Describe what occurs in RETT'S DISORDER.
|
~NORMAL DEV FOR 5 MONTHS, THEN:
~HEAD GROWTH DECELERATION ~LOSS OF PURPOSEFUL HAND SKILLS ~DEV OF STEREOTYPICAL HAND MOV |
|
|
What is CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER?
|
Indiv. dev NORMALLY for 2 YEARS
REGRESSION IN AT LEAST 2 AREAS OF FUNCTIONING: ~MOTOR ~PLAY ~SOCIAL SKILLS ~ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR |
|
|
What is a LEARNING DISORDER AT-RISK FACTOR?
What is the GENDER RATIO for READING DISORDER? |
At Risk for ANTISOCIAL Behaviors.
Reading Disorder, is more common in BOYS than girls. |
|
|
What is the ETIOLOGY of LEARNING DISORDERS?
|
~Cerebellar-Vestibular Dysfunction (e.g. Otitis Medial)
~INCOMPLETE Dominance & HEMISPHERE Abnormalities ~Exposure to TOXINS (e.g. Lead) ~Deficit in PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING ~GENETIC COMPONENT, the closer the genetic make-up, the greater the CONCORDANCE rate) |
|
|
ADHD GENDER RATIOS?
|
~4 TO 9 X MORE IN BOYS
~EQUAL GENDER RATIO for INATTENTIVE TYPE ~EQUAL RATES IN ADULTS |
|
|
BRAIN ABNORMALITIES in ADHD
|
DECREASED ACTIVITY in:
~FRONTAL LOBES ~BASAL GANGLIA SMALL: ~CAUDATE NUCLEUS ~GLOBUS PALLIDUS ~PREFRONTAL CORTEX |
|
|
PSYCHOTROPIC TXT OF ADHD
|
~METHYLPHENIDATE aka RITALIN
~OTHER CNS STIMULANTS (GOOD FOR 75% OF CASES) |
|
|
What is required for a diagnosis of CONDUCT DISORDER?
|
~3 OUT OF 4 SX'S
~W/I 12 MONTHS: ~AGGRESSION to ANIMALS & PPL ~DESTRUCTION of PROPERTY ~DECEITFULNESS or THEFT ~SERIOUS VIOLATION of RULES |
|
|
What did MOFITT say are the 2 TYPES OF CAUSES for CONDUCT DISORDER?
|
1. LIFE-COURSE-PERSISTENT TYPE:
~ADVERSE ENVIRON IMPACT ~NEURO IMPAIRMENT ~WIDER RANGE OF CRIMES (VICTIM ORIENTED OFFENSES) 2. ADOLESCENCE-LIMITED TYPE: ~"MATURITY GAP" ~OFFENSES RELATING TO "I WAN'T MY INDEPENDENCE" |
|
|
What is OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER?
|
~NEGATIVISTIC
~DEFIANT & HOSTILE BEHAVIORS TOWARD PEOPLE of AUTHORITY (teachers, parents, etc.). |
|
|
What are the 2 SUBTYPES of CONDUCT DISORDER?
|
1. CHILDHOOD ONSET (<10 YO)
2. ADOLESCENT ONSET (>10 YO) |
|
|
What are MOTOR TICS or ECHOKINESIS?
|
IMITATING someone ELSE'S MOVEMENTS.
|
|
|
What are VOCAL TICS?
|
1. PALILALIA:
~REPEATING ONE'S OWN SOUNDS OR WORDS 2. COPROLALIA: ~REPEATING SOCIALLY ~UNDESIREABLE WORDS |
|
|
What is the appropriate psychotropic txt for TOURETTE'S DISORDER?
|
~HALOPERIDOL & PIMOZIDE.
(80% EFFECTIVE BUT HUGE SIDE-EFFECTS, with INCREASED TICS IN SOME BEC IT'S A PSYCHOSTIMUL) |
|
|
What is the appropriate PSYCHOTROPIC TXT for TOURETTE'S DIS'S the HYPERACTIVE & INATTENTIVE TYPES?
|
1. CLONIDINE (anti-anxiety)
2. DESIPRAMINE (anti-depress) |
|
|
What are the main MEMORY PROBLEMS or deficits in DEMENTIA? What remains INTACT?
|
PROBLEMS:
~RECALL ~RECOGNITION ~DECLARATIVE MEMORY INTACT: ~PROCEDURAL MEMORY (PSEUDODEMENTIA IS MORE ABRUPT) |
|
|
What is ANOMIA?
|
2 DEFINITIONS:
1. KNOWING A PARTICULAR WORD BUT UNABLE TO SPEAK IT. 2. YOU ARE UNABLE TO RECALL THE NAME OF THE OBJECT. ANOMIA |
|
|
STAGE 1 ALZHEIMER'S
|
~1 TO 3 YEARS:
-ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA for DECL MEMORIES (e.g. doctors appt) -DEFICITS in VISUOSPATIAL SKILLS (WANDERING) -INDIFFERENCE, IRRITABILITY, & SADNESS -ANOMIA Loss of cholinergic cells (cells that secrete ACh) is evident during the early stages of the disorder, especially in the hippocampus and cortex. |
|
|
STAGE 2 ALZHEIMER'S
|
~2 TO 10 YEARS:
-INCREASED ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA -FLAT or LABILE MOOD -RESTLESSNESS & AGITATION -DELUSION -FLUENT APHASIA -ACALCULIA -IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA |
|
|
What is IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA?
|
INABILITY to TRANSLATE an IDEA INTO MOVEMENT
|
|
|
STAGE 3 ALZHEIMER'S
|
~8 TO 12 YEARS:
-SEVERELY DETERIORATED INTELLECUTAL FUNCTIONING -APATHY -LIMB RIGIDITY -URINARY & FETAL INCONTINENCE |
|
|
What are the CHARACTERISTICS SX's of VASCULAR DEMENTIA?
|
~STEPWISE FLUCTUATING COURSE with a "PATCHY" PATTERN of SX'S
~Impaired ability to LEARN NEW information OR inability to RECALL previously learned information |
|
|
What is DEMENTIA DUE to PARKINSON'S DISEASE
|
~BRADYKINESIA-SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENT
~AKATHESIA-"CRUEL RESTLESSNESS" ~PRESENCE OF LEWY BODIES IN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA SMART: S-huffling Gait M-ask Like Face A-kinesia R-igidity T-remor |
|
|
WHAT are the MOST COMMON PRECIPITANTS to RELAPSE among SUBSTANCE ABUSE?
|
~ANXIETY
~DEPRESSION ~FRUSTRATIONS ~NEGATIVE EMOTIONS |
|
|
What are the NICOTINE DEPENDENCE QUITTING statistics?
|
~1-5 YEARS AFTER QUITTING GOOD HEALTH
~7.5% MAINTAIN LONG-TERM ABSTINENCE ~91% QUIT ON THER OWN |
|
|
What are the SX'S of ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL?
|
~AUTONOMIC HYPERACTIVITY (SWEATING AND TACHYCARDIA)
~HAND TREMOR ~INSOMNIA ~NAUSEA OR VOMITING ~TRANSIENT HALLUCINATIONS ~ANXIETY ~PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION ~GRAND-MAL SEIZURES FOLLOWING PROLONGED USE OR HEAVY USE |
|
|
What is ALCOHOL-PERSISTING AMENSTIC DISORDER or KORSOKOFF'S DISORDER?
|
~RETRO & ANTERO AMNESIA
(ANTEROGRADE WORST, ESPEC DECLARTIVE MEMORIES) ~THIAMINE DEFICIENCY ~RETROGRADE AMENSIA, AFFECTS LONGTERM MEMORIES MORE THEN REMOTE MEMORIES ~CONFABULATION: individual often attempts to hide by fabricating memories |
|
|
What are the ACTIVE PHASE SX'S of SCHIZOPHRENIA?
|
~DELUSIONS
~DISORGANIZED SPEECH ~GROSSLY DISORGANIZED or CATATONIC BEHAVIOR ~HALLUCINATIONS ~NEGATIVE SX's |
|
|
SCHIZOPHRENIA & MOOD
|
~SHORT
~DON'T OCCUR DURING ACTIVE PHASE ~DON'T MEET CRITERIA FOR A MOOD EPISODE |
|
|
Describe SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER?
|
~2 WEEKS OF ONLY PSYCHOTIC SX'S
~The essential feature of Schizoaffective Disorder is an uninterrupted period of disturbance during which, at some time, there is either a Major Depressive Episode, a Manic Episode, or a Mixed Episode concurrent with symptoms that meet Criterion A for Schizophrenia. |
|
|
Describe MOOD DISORDER with PSYCHOTIC FEATURES?
|
PSYCHOTIC SX'S OCCUR ONLY DURING EPISODE OF MOOD DISTURBANCE
|
|
|
What is the diagnositic criteria for SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER?
|
~AT LEAST 1 MONTH AND <6 MONTHS
~IMPAIRED SOCIAL OR OCCUP FUNCT ~2/3 OF INDIV DEV SCHIZOPHRENIA OR SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER |
|
|
BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
|
~AT LEAST 1 DAY, <1 MONTH
~CATATONIC BEHAVIOR ~DELUSIONS ~HALLUCIN DISORGAN SPEECH OR GROSSLY DISORGANIZED |
|
|
What are the PSY & PSYCHOTROPIC TXT for PANIC DISORDER W/O AGORAPHOBIA?
|
~INVIVO EXPOS + RESPONSE PREV (FLOODING)
~IMIPRAMINE, OTHER TCA'S, SSRI'S, BENZOS, ANTICONVULSANTS |
|
|
What is MOWER'S 2 FACTOR THEORY of SPECIFIC PHOBIA?
|
~RESULT OF AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING
or ~COMBO OF CLASSICAL & OPERANT CONDITIONING |
|
|
What is the psy TXT of choice for SPECIFIC PHOBIA?
|
INVIVO-EXPOSURE
|
|
|
PSY AND PSYCHOTROPIC TXT FOR SOCIAL PHOBIA
|
~EXPOSURE
~ANTIDEPRESSANTS ~PROPRANOL, A BETA BLOCKER (DECREASES ANXIETY SX'S) |
|
|
What is the ETIOLOGOY of OCD?
|
~ <LOW SEROTONIN
~OVER ACTIVITY IN CAUDATE NUCLEUS |
|
|
What is the PSY TXT for OCD?
|
~EXPOSURE W/ RESPONSE PREVENTION
~THOUGHT STOPPING |
|
|
What is the PSYCHOTROPIC TXT for OCD?
|
CLOMIPRAMINE (anti-depress) or an SSRI. Clomipramine is believed to exert its effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synaptic clefts.
|
|
|
What is ACUTE STRESS DISORDER?
|
~LASTS 2 DAYS-<MONTH
~ONSET w/i 4 WEEKS of TRAUMA |
|
|
What are the ASSOCIATED SX's of ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER?
|
~INFLATED SENSE OF SELF
~LACK OF EMPATHY ~SUPERFICIAL CHARM |
|
|
What are the CLUSTER A PERSONALITY DISORDERS?
|
~PARANOID
~SCHIZOID ~SCHIZOTYPAL CLUSTER A PERSONALITY DISORDERS |
|
|
What are the CLUSTER B PERSONALITY DISORDERS?
|
~ANTISOCIAL
~BORDERLINE ~HISTRIONIC ~NARCISSISTIC |
|
|
CLUSTER C PERSONALITY DISORDER
|
~AVOIDANT
~DEPENDENT ~OCPD |
|
|
What is known about the SPEECH (IN CHILDHOOD)in INDIVIDUAL'S with MODERATE MR?
|
THE CHILD ACTUALLY TALKS & COMMUNICATES WITH OTHERS DURING THE PRESCHOOL YEARS.
|
|
|
What are the sx's of SEDATIVE INTOXICATION?
|
POOR JUDGEMENT
POOR COORDINATION MEMORY & ATTENTION DEFICITS MOOD LABILITY SLURRED SPEECH |
|
|
What are the sx's of AMPHETAMINE INTOXICATION?
|
~ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE
~HYPERVIGILANCE ~NAUSEA AND VOMITING ~PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION ~TACHYCARDIA |
|
|
What are the sx's of CANNIBIS INTOXICATION?
|
~ANXIOUS
~POOR JUDGEMENT ~BIG (munchies) APPETITE ~SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL ~TACHYCARDIA |
|
|
Opioid Intoxication (e.g. Narcotic: OPIUM)
|
INITIAL EUPHORIA THEN>>>>>>>>>>>
~APATHY ~DROWSINESS ~PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION |
|
|
What is the DSM-IV TR'S DEFINITION of HALLUCINATIONS?
|
DSM-IV defines an hallucination as a "sensory perception that has the compelling SENSE OF REALITY of a true perception but that occurs WITHOUT external stimulation of the relevant sensory organs."
THE PERSON MAY OR MAY NOT BE AWARE IT IS NOT REAL. |
|
|
What is the SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER?
|
~Restricted Emotional Experience and Expression
~Seems self-absorbed BUT NOT GRANDIOSE SCHIZOID'S seem indifferent to opportunities to develop close relationships and to not derive pleasure from personal contacts. |
|
|
CATEPLEXY TRIGGERED BY...
|
A STRONG EMOTION (- or +),
eg: ~ANGER ~LAUGHTER ~SURPRISE |
|
|
Describe SOCIAL PHOBIA.
|
Social Phobia is characterized by a persistent fear of one or more situations in which a person thinks he or she might be EMBARRASSED as a result of exposure to public scrutiny. This disorder often takes the form of an intense fear of speaking in public or a generalized fear of most SOCIAL SITUATIONS.
|
|
|
Describe SPECIFIC PHOBIA?
|
specific phobia is a fear of a specific stimulus such as acrophobia (fear of heights), claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), and fear of animals. When a patient fears humiliation or embarrassment in CERTAIN social situations.
|
|
|
Describe PANIC DISORDER. What does it involve?
|
Panic disorder involves recurrent panic attacks (characterized by symptoms such as shortness of breath, dizziness, tachycardia, etc.) that occur unexpectedly and that are not associated with a particular stimulus.
|
|
|
Describe Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition.
|
A person suffering from a degenerative neurological condition begins to exhibit frequent SHIFTS IN MOOD, unwarranted SUSPICIOUSNESS, and POOR IMPULSE control.
|
|
|
What did Garner and Bemis (1982), the authorities on the COGNITIVE TXT of ANOREXIA and BULIMIA say about these disorders and TXT?
|
According to Garner and Bemis, an initial step in treatment is to FOSTER DOUBT in the client about his or her assumption that it is worth the time and effort to deny one's appetite in order to stay thin. This is followed by ADDRESSING THE VALIDITY of the anorectic's beliefs regarding the consequences of becoming fat and the conviction that thinness is a primary determinant of self-worth and personal value.
|
|
|
What are the the Hallmarks(s)" of Addiction?
|
Tolerance & Withdrawal
|
|
|
Lead poisoning, toxoplasma, and toxocara are all possible complications that lead to...
|
PICA
|
|
|
Describe CIRCUMSTANTIALITY.
|
Circumstantiality refers to speech that is INDIRECT & DELAYED in reaching the point because of unnecessary, tedious details and PARENTHETICAL remarks.
|
|
|
What is LOOSENING of ASSOCIATIONS?
|
Loosening of associations involves a complete LACK of CONNECTEDNESS between utterances and the loss of the original point.
|
|
|
What is CONFABULATION?
|
Confabulation involves a FABRICATION of facts or events to compensate for memory loss.
|
|
|
Describe TANGENTIALITY.
|
Tangentiality is more like loosening of associations than circumstantiality. It is occurring when the individual constantly interrupts him/herself with digressions to irrelevant topics.
|
|
|
What is DISSOCIATION?
|
Dissociation refers to a "disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment."
|
|
|
Describe DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER.
|
YOU FEEL LIKE AN OUTSIDE OBSERVER OF YOUR MENTAL PROCESSING OR BODY & combined w/ intact reality testing & significant distress or impaired functioning.
"OUTSIDE YOURSELF" SOMETIME YOUNG ADULTS HAVE MILD ONES |
|
|
What is ALOGIA?
|
Alogia is characterized by an IMPOVERISHMENT IN THINKING that is inferred from observing the person's speech and language.
|
|
|
What is APHONIA?
|
Aphonia is an inability to produce speech sounds that require the use of the larynx and that is NOT due to a lesion in the CNS.
|
|
|
What is ECHOPRAXIA?
|
Imitating someone's movement and you can't control it or it's semiautomatic.
|
|
|
What is ECHOLALIA?
|
Pathological, apparently senseless repetition of a word or phrase just spoken by another person.
|
|
|
What is associated with HYPOGLYCEMIA?
|
Associated with anxiety, confusion, depression, and fatigue, not hyperactivity.
|
|
|
What would one observe in individuals with MULTIPLE SCELROSIS?
|
PERSONALITY CHANGES
MOOD SWINGS |
|
|
What are the SX'S THAT sometimes ACCOMPANY HYPOTHYROIDISM?
|
Delusions and paranoia sometimes accompany this disorder.
|
|
|
Describe an ILLUSION according to DSM-IV.
|
DSM-IV definition:
"a misperception or misinterpretation of a real external stimulus" THERE IS AN EXTERNAL STIMULUS ILLUSION ACCORDING TO DSM-IV |
|
|
High-risk situations associated with relapse for a variety of addictive and other problem behaviors has shown that the following accounts for nearly three-fourths of relapse incidents:
|
NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES, INTERPERSONAL STATES, INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS, & SOCIAL PRESSURE
HIGH RISK SITUATIONS ASSOC W/ RELAPSE IN ADDICTIONS AND PROBLEM BEHAVIORS |
|
|
RISK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
|
An ACUTE ONSET OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS in adolescence or early adulthood is more associated with an increased risk for Bipolar Disorder
|
|
|
What is the underlying feature associated with Agoraphobia?
|
THE FEAR OF BEING EMBARASSED
THE UNDERLYING FEATURE OF AGORAPHOBIA |
|
|
AN EXAMPLE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
|
-43-year old woman with no physical explanation for her complaints, including: headaches, back pain, fatigue, weight loss, and a lack of concentration.
-Several weeks of symptoms -She's worried about her physical symptoms and says she's afraid she has cancer but the doctor hasn't found a thing |
|
|
Developing a treatment plan for a child with Conduct Disorder:
|
AKA PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING, SOCIAL LEARNING FAMILY INTERVENTIONS FOCUS ON:
-COERCIVE PARENT-CHILD INTERACTIONS & ENVIRONMENTAL CONTINGENCIES -PSYCHOEDUCATION for parents -REINFORCEMENT OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS -DISCIPLINE FOR UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS -COMMUNICATION TRAINING |
|
|
PANIC DISORDER
|
Perceptual distortions (depersonalization and derealization) are potential symptoms of a panic attack, which is the essential feature of Panic Disorder.
|
|
|
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
|
-Has a few friends.
-Uncomfortable around most people. -They will say they want closer relationships but generally prefer to stay ALONE. |
|
|
ALZHIEMER'S DISEASE AND DIABETES
|
The risk for Alzheimer's Dementia is double for those with diabetes and 4 X greater for those with diabetes who receive insulin treatment.
ALZHIEMER'S DISEASE AND DIABETES |
|
|
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER DIAGNOSIS
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder is not diagnosed unless an individual is at least 18 years of age and has a history of antisocial behavior before age 15.
|
|
|
MILD MR
|
IQ between 50-55 to approximately 70.
|
|
|
MODERATE MR
|
IQ falls between 35-40 to 50-55.
|
|
|
CONFABULATION
|
Confabulation refers to the fabrication of events or facts to compensate for memory impairment. It is associated with Amnestic Disorder.
|
|
|
LOOSENING OF ASSOCIATION
|
Loosening of associations in that the latter involves a loss of the original point of the speech.
|
|
|
ACQUIRED ORGANISMIC DYSFUNCTION
|
An individual has experienced at least 1 orgasm regardless of the circumstances or means of stimulation but is no longer able to do so
|
|
|
ANXIETY VS. DEPRESSION
|
Anxiety involves a similar level of negative affect but a higher level of both autonomic arousal and positive affect
|
|
|
Give an example of SOMATOFORM DISORDER NOS.
|
EXAMPLE: PSEUDOCYESIS (e.g a woman says she's pregnant but pregnancy test show she's not)
|
|
|
3 STAGES OF HIV INFECTION
|
1. PRIMARY HIV INFECTION
2. CLINICALLY ASYMPTOMATIC 3. SYMPTOMATIC HIV INFECTION |
|
|
INDIVIDUALS WITH SOMATIZATION DISORDER , ALSO LIKELY TO HAVE
|
PERSONALITY DISORDER, THEN DEPRESSION, THEN GAD.
|
|
|
CONVERSION DISORDER
|
"PRIMARY GAIN" AND SECONDARY GAIN ARE GOALS WITH THIS DISORDER.
PRIMARY GAIN IS ACHIEVED THROUGH THE SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF AN UNDERLYING CONFLICT IN A PHYSICAL SX SUCH AS PARALYSIS OR BLINDNESS. "I'M SICK" BUT PERSON REALLY HAS AN UNDERLYING CONFLICT. |
|
|
WHEN COMPARED WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY SHARES SOME CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING:
|
A SIMILAR LEVEL OF NEGATIVE AFFECT BUT HIGHER LEVEL OF BOTH AUTONOMIC AROUSAL AND POSITIVE AFFECT
|
|
|
WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF MESCALINE USE? OR HALLUCINOGEN INTOXICATION?
|
CONTINUING TO HAVE HALLUCINATIONS ("FLASHBACKS") SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER ONE STOPS USING MESCALINE
|
|
|
WITHDRAWAL DELERIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHICH SUBSTANCES?
|
-ETOH
-SEDATIVES -HYPNOTICS -ANXIOLYTICS |
|
|
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN OCD AND OCPD
|
-BOTH HAVE REPETITIVE RITUALS:
*OCD = DECREASE ANXIETY *OCPD = PERFECTIONISM *Also, the diagnosis of OCD (but not Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder) requires the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions |
|
|
WHICH DISORDER HAS A POORER PROGNOSIS, CHILDHOOD ONSET TYPE OR ADOLESCENT ONSET TYPE CONDUCT DISORDER?
|
CHILDHOOD ONSET CONDUCT DISORDER bec it can lead to ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER.
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE ESSENTIAL FEATURE OF SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER?
|
AN UNINTERUPTED PERIOD OF DISTURBANCE, DURING WHICH, AT SOME TIME, THERE IS EITHER A MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE, A MANIC EPISODE, OR MIXED EPISODE, CONCURRENT WITH SYMPTOMS THAT MEET CRITERION A OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
|
|
|
EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS (short-term & long-term) FOR BULIMIA NERVOSA
|
-SHORT-TERM EFFECTS:
CBT IS SUPERIOR TO INTERPERSONAL OR BEHAVIOR THERAPY -LONG-TERM EFFECTS: CBT + INTERPERSONAL THERAPY BOTH EQUALLY EFFECTIVE |
|
|
PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IN POPULATION
|
1%
|
|
|
PRIMARY GAIN
|
*Achieved through the symbolic expression of an underlying conflict in a physical symptom such as paralysis or blindness.
*Primary Gain by keeping an internal conflict or need out of awareness. |
|
|
What are 3 Criterion needed for Bipolar II Disorder?
|
1. Major Depression
2. NO +5 or Full Mania 3. Hypomania: 4 days or more Note: ppl with Bipolar II Disorder can live this way and be actually successful. What are some examples of Hypomania? >self-esteem, <need for sleep, talkative, FOI, buying sprees. |
|
|
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
|
SOCIAL OR INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS CAUSED OR EXCERBATED BY USE.
|
|
|
SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE
|
EXISTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CAUSED OR EXCERBATED BY USE.
|
|
|
VASCULAR DEMENTIA
|
STEPWISE OR THE COURSE IS ERRATIC RATHER THAN PROGRESSIVE
|
