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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the tail of Spence and where is it located?
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Located at the superior lateral corner of the breast tissue, a section of the breast tissue that projects laterally up toward the axilla (armpit).
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What are Cooper's Ligaments?
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Suspensory ligaments extending vertically from the surface to attach to the chest wall muscles. Helps support breast tissue.
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What is a supernumerary nipple?
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Extra nipple found along the track of the mammary ridge.
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What is gynecomastia? When is it commonly present?
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A condition in which the male breast tissue temporarily enlarges. Usually unilateral and temporary. Occurs during adolescence.
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What is benign breast disease?
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A condition in which multiple tender masses appear in the breast. Nodes are bilateral and regular. Not premalignant.
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What do the nodes feel like when palpated in a patient with benign breast disease?
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Nodes are firm, mobile and rubbery.
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What types of pain can be present in a client with benign breast disease?
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Pain can be dull, heavy and cyclic or occur just before menses occurs as nodules enlarge.
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What are the 6 diagnostic cateories related to benign breast disease?
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Swelling or discomfort (cyclic); mastalgia; nodularity; dominant lumps; nipple discharge; infections and inflammations
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What is mastalgia?
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severe pain in the breast(s), both cyclic and noncyclic
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What is nodularity?
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Significant lumpiness, both cyclic and noncyclic
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In diagnosis of benign breast disease, what types of infection and/or inflammation may be a a complication of the disease?
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Subareolar abscess, lactational mastitis, breast abscess, and Mondor's disease.
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Where are the central axillary nodes located?
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High up in the middle of the axilla, and in 4 directions
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Where are the pectoral (anterior) nodes located?
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Just inside the anterior axillary fold, below the axilla where the breast begins to protrude
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Where are the subscapular (posterior) nodes located?
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Along the lateral edge of the scapula, deep in the posterior axillary fold (back side of armpit)
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Where are the lateral nodes?
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Along the humerus on the inside of the upper arms
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Between the ages of 25 and 39, what should women do related to mammography and clinical breast exams?
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Get a clinical breast exam every 3 years and get a baseline mammogram.
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Between the ages of 40 and 49, what should women do related to mammography and clinical breast exams if they are asymptomatic?
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Get a clinical breast exam and mammogram every 1-2 years.
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After age 50, what should women do related to mammography and clinical breast exams?
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Get a clinical breast exam and mammogram every year.
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What are the 7 unchangable risk factors for breast cancer?
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Age > 50; personal history of breast cancer; mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes; First-degree relative with breast cancer; Previous biopsy with atypical hyperplasia or breast disease without atypical or usualy hyperplasia; previous breast irradiation; menstruation before 12YO or menopause after 50YO
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What are the 7 lifestyle-related risk factors for breast cancer?
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Nullparity or 1st child after 30YO; recent oral contraceptive use; HRT; not breast-feeding; alcohol intake >1 daily; obesity and high fat diet; physical inactivity
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Breast cancer is the #___ cause of death from cancer in women.
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2
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____% of breast cancers occur in women of average risk (no identifiable risk except gender and age)
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70
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1 in ___ women will have breast cancer at some point in her life.
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9
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If cancer is not invasive, survival is about ____%
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100
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If cancer is spread regionally, survivl is about ____ to ____%
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76-88
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If cancer has distant metastases, what is the average survival rate?
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Survival rate is about 18%
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Radiation exposure in the 1960's was higher, at ______ rads while today radiation exposure is as low as ______ rads.
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1-4 rads
0.04-0.08 Rads |
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What are the 3 different patterns used for self breast exams?
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Spokes-on-a-wheel, concentric circles and vertical strip pattern
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Which pattern is recommended?
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Vertical strip pattern
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What does a sudden increase in the size of one breast signify?
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Inflammation or new growth
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When would a fine blue vascular network in the breasts considered normal?
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During pregnancy
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What does edema that exaggerates the hair follicles mean?
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Peau d'orange
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In nipples that are inverted, what should you be able to do?
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pull the nipple out (not fixed)
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What is the procedure used to check the breasts for skin retraction signs? What should the breasts do?
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Raise both arms slowly over the head.
Raise symmetrically. |
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When you ask the client to push her hands onto her hips and push her two palms together, you are looking for:
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Dimpling or pucker
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A firm transverse ridge of compressed tissue in the lower quadrants is called the: Is this normal?
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Inframammary ridge
Yes |
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If you squeeze the nipple and fluid comes out, what should you do?
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Collect some of the fluid on a sterile 2x2 and submit it for microscopic evaluation
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How do you describe the location of a lump you may have found in the breast?
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Using the breast as a clock face, describe the distance in cm from the nipple
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When describing the consistency of a lump in a breast, what words may you use?
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soft, hard or firm
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When describing the shape of a lump found in the breast, how may you describe it?
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Oval, round, lobulated or indistinct
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When examining the axilla, what do you do to keep muscles loose and relaxed?
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Support the arm
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When is the ideal time to do a self-breast exam?
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Day 4-7 of the menstrual cycle
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Why shouldn't a woman do more than one breast exam per month?
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The patient may not be as sensitive to subtle changes that occur
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Are malignant lumps normally round or irregular?
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irregular
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Are malignant lumps normally firm or rubbery?
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Firm
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Are malignant lumps usually clearly defined or poorly defined?
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poorly defined
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Are malignant lumps normally fixed or mobile?
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Mobile
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Are malignant lumps usually tender or not?
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Not tender
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What is the name for breasts that look flattened or sagging?
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Cooper's Droop
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What happens around the middle uears to breasts that cause them to decrease in size?
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Fat tissue is lost
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What percent of breast cancer occurs in men?
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1%
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Whre are lumps normally located if the client is a male with breast cancer?
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under the areola
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What makes it easier to notice breast cancer lumps in men?
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There is minimal breast tissue
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Because there is a decreased amount of breast tissue, what may happen to men with breast cancer?
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Spread to axillary lymph nodes faster
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What percentage of people have a supernumerary nipple?
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1%
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Name the 4 quadrants of the breast?
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Upper inner, upper outer, lower inner, lower outer
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What is the name of the classic description of sexual maturity rating regarding to breasts?
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Tanner staging
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________ women are more likely to suffer from breast cancer, but ________ women are more likely to die from it.
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Caucasian
African American |
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What is galactorrhea?
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A condition that causes clear nipple discharge in relation to the use of oral contraceptives, phenothiazines, diuretics, digitalis, steroids, methyldopa, calcium channel blockers
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What may a deviation in the nipple pointing indicate?
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Underlying cancer causing fibrosis which pulls the nipple angle toward it
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Describe fibroadenoma.
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Solitary, nontender mass. Solid, firm, rubbery and elastic. Round, oval or lobulated; 1-5 cm. Freely movable, slippery. Most common between 15 and 30 YO.
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Most often, bloody nipple discharge is attributed to:
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Carcinoma
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What are some symptoms of a plugged milk duct?
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Tender, reddened section of breast.
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What is mastitis?
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An inflammatory mass before abscess formation. Swollen, tender, hot and hard. Headache, fever, chills, sweating. Occurs during first 4 months of lactation.
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