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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the parts of the sternum?
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manubrium
body xiphoid process |
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What is the name of the bony ridge at bottom of manubrium?
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manubriosternal angle (angle of Louis)
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asthma
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small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperactive airways
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atlectasis
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incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth
or collapse of lung at any age |
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biot respirations
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irregular breaths of varying depth with intervals of apnea but lacking pattern
associated with incr ICP |
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bronchiectasis
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dilation of bronchi because of repeated infxns or obstructions
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bronchitis
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inflam of large airways
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bronchophony
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increased loudness of spoken words
may be present with consolidation |
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bronchovesicular breath sounds
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moderate in intensity, heard over major bronchi
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bronchiolitis
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inflam leading to hyperinflation of lungs occuring most often in infants<6 mos
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cheyne-stokes
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intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo breathing assoc with dying
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COPD
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incl chronic bronchitis and emphysema (non-specific)
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cor pulmonale
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acute or chronic involving right sided heart failure
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cough
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sudden spasmodic expiration, forcing sudden opening of glottis
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crackles
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more often heard on inspiration, characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds, rales
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croup
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inflam is subglottic, swollen tracheal tissue
harsh barking cough in kids 1.5 to 3 years viral cause mostly parainfluenza s/s insp stridor, labored breathing, retractions, hoarseness |
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cystic fibrosis
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autosomal disorder of the exocrine glands involving lung, pancrease and sweat glands
bronchioles clog, productive cough cysts form with bronchiectasis poor weight gain |
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diaphragmatic hernia
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imperfectly structured diaphragm, usually on left side
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egophony
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increase of intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal sound
may be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue |
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consolidation
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Simply, it is defined as alveolar space that contains liquid instead of gas. The fluid can be pulmonary edema, inflammatory exudate, pus, inhaled water, or blood
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emphysema
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lungs lose elasticity and alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function
alveolar gas is trapped |
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empyema
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purulent exudative fluid collected in plural space
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epiglotitis
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acute life threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissue,
caused by Hib high fever, child sits straight with neck extended and head forward mostly 3-7 years old rapid without cough |
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friction rub
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occurs outside resp tree, dry, crackly grating low pitched sound
caused by inflammation of the pleural surfaces both in inspiration and expiration heard over lungs suggests pleurisy |
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pleurisy
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inflammation of the pleural cavity (visceral and parietal pleura) that become edematous and fibrinous
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hamman sign
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mediastinal crunch, variety of sound including loud crackles or clicking or gurgling associated with mediastinal emphysema -When the alveoli because of traumatic injury or lung disease, the released air seeks an area of escape- can go through the lung tissue into the mediastinum, where accumulating air can cause sufficient pressure to impair normal heart expansion and blood circulation.
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kussmaul
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deep and usually rapid breathing assoc with metabolic acidosis
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lung abcess
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well defined mass assoc with inflammation, suppuration and central necrosis
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pectoriloquay
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whisper can be heard through stethoscope, assoc with consolidation
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pleural effusion
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excessive non purulent fluid in pleural space
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pneumonia
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infla response of bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent bact, fungal or viral
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pneumothorax
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presence of air or gas in pleural cavity
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pulmonary embolism
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embolic occlusion of pulm arteries, difficult to diagnose
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resp distress syndrome
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dev in preterm infants due to surfactant deficiency
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rhonchi
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sonorous wheeze
deeper rumbling, pronounced and continuous during expiration less discrete than crackles caused by passage of air through obstructed airway full of secretions or spasms tend to disappear after coughing may be palpable |
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stridor
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high pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration
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tracheomalacia
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lack of rigidity or a flopiness of trachea or airway
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tuberculosis
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chronic infectious lung disease that begins in lung but may have widespread manifestations
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vesicular breath sounds
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low pitched, low intensity bs heard over healthy tissue
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vocal resonance
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spoken words transmitted through lung fields, usually muffled
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wheeze
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continuous high pitched musical sound, almost a whistle heard on inspiration or expiriation
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orthopnea
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sob while laying flat
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platypnea
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difficulty breathing while erect, better with laying
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hypopnea
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over shallowly breathing
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what is a normal costal angle?
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90 deg or less
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what landmarks does the angle of louis show
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continuous with 2nd rib
marks tracheal bifurcation into left and right main bronchi upper atria of heart |
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how many lobes do each of the lungs have
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right 3
left 2 (lingula-inferior tongue like projection) right-divided by horizontal fissure-5th rib in axilla to 4th at sternum left and right-oblique fissure from 5th rib at axilla to 6th at mid clavicular line |
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infra
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below
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What is c7 landmark for?
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apex of lungs
t12 base with inspiration |
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What does the mediastinum contain
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esophagus, trachea, heart and great vessels (not lungs)
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describe lung location from posterior view
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upper lobes from t1 to t3 or t4
lower lobes to t10 on expiration and t12 on inspiration rml does not project onto posterior chest |
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visceral and parietal pleura
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visceral lines outside of lungs
parietal lines the lung cavity (chest wall) |
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What is the normal stimulus to breathe?
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hypercapnia (increase co2 in blood)
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resp rate of infant
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30-60 (newborn to 1)
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resp rate of child
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16 to 30 (3 to 10 yrs)
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resp rate adult
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12-20
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explain chest diameter of infant vs. adult
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infant rounded with equal anter/post to transverse chest diameter
(by age 6 thorax reaches adult ratio of 1:2) |
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What do these abnormals indicate:
1. pursed lips 2. flared nares 3. tracheal tug 4. chest roundness after 2 y o 5. GI gurgle in chest 6. unilateral retractions 7. visible veins in neck 8. nasal flare with retractions 9. stridor 10. clubbin |
1. increased exp effort
2. air hunger 3. atelectasis, thyroid enlargement or tumor 4. obstruction 5.diaphra. hernia 6. foreign body 7. heart disorder 8. resp distress 9. high resp obstruction 10. cyanotic heart disease or cystic fibrosis |
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what type of breath sounds are heard in infant and young child
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bronchovesicular up to 5-6 years old
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what are the continuos adventitious sounds
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wheeze
stridor |
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adult ratio of resp to heart rate
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1:4
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what does hyper resonance indicate with adult
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hyperinflation of lungs- air trapping
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what does dullness on percussion indicate in chest
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consolidation
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What does decreased tactile/ vocal fremitus indicate
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emphysema
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What do the following indicate in adults?
1. shallow resp 2. slow resp 3. asymmetric expansion of lungs 4. expir bulging |
1. pleurisy, liver enlarg, ascites
2. neuro or lytes probs, infxn, pleurisy 3. extrapleural air, fluid or masses 4. enlarged heart, tumor or aneurysm |
