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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oda Nobunaga
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Initiator of unification of Japan under rule of Shogun in late 16th Century.
Major Daimyo of Sengoku Period. |
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Succeeded former liege lord Nobunaga.
Brought end to Sengoku Period. Ruled from 1587-1598 |
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Founder and first Shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Winner of Battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa Shogunate lasted from 1600-1868 |
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Battle of Sekigahara
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1600
Began when Ieyasu was no longer rivaled in seniority, rank and overall influence in Toyotomi clan. Cleared way for Ieyasu to become Shogun. |
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Effects of Urbanization
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1580-1610
1. Stabilized local areas/ building blocks for localization 2. Cut ties from land 3. Local administration 4. Development of Merchant Class 5. Market Economy and Specialization of Agriculture 6. Improved Transportation 7. Development of Diverse Urban Culture |
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Daimyo
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Powerful territorial lords in premodern Japan
Most powerful during the 10-19th Century Tokugawa organized these daimyo into groups based on rice production during his reign. |
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Shimpan
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One of the divisions of the Daimyo during Edo Period.
Had no real role for Japan Kept viable heir available Hereditary "vice-presidential" house |
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Fudai
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Class of daimyo in Edo Period that swore allegiance to Tokugawa before Battle of Sekigahara.
Filled the Tokugawa Administration Backbone of Administration |
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Tozama
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Formed during Edo period.
Considered outsiders by rulers of Japan Consisted of those who submitted to Shogunate after battle of Sekigahara. Included those who fought for and against Tokugawa. Fiefs were ruled by Tozama |
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Han
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Domains
The fiefs of feudal lords of Japan under Tokugawa Shogunate |
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Bakufu
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Originally meant the household and dwelling of Shogun but later came to mean system of government of a feudal military dictatiorship exercised in the name of the Shogun
Established during Kamakura Shogunate in 1192 Continued with Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1867 |
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Matthew Perry
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Sailed 4 ships into Japan's Edo Bay in 1853
Brought gifts of Industrial Revolution Set way for US to force Unequal Treaties onto Japan |
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Harris Treaty
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1858
Opened Japanese ports for trade Low tariffs Granted extraterritorality to foreign residents/visitors |
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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1868
Established Keio University Urged citizens to study modern views of west Leading member of Meiji 6 Society Found one of largest conglomerates in Japan Mitsubishi and Mitsui Coined "Civilization and Enlightenment" |
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Sat-Cho Allience
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1866
Military Alliance between Satsuma and Choshu Combined to overthrow Tokugawa Shogunate The fall of Shogunate lead to Meiji Restoration |
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Iwakura Mission
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1871-1873
Most Important members of government left country to go to review Western government Left country to caretaker government Adopted ideas they saw in other government When they returned, caretaker government was on verge of war with Korea |
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Saigo Takamori
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Proposed to invade Korea in 1873
Wanted military to be composed of men bred into military service Outvoted--government did not want to invade Korea atm Left government Organized rebellion on behalf of Samarai Committed suicide |
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Meiji Constitution
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1890-1947
Defined institution's powers Organic law of Empire of Japan Constitutional Monarchy based on Prussia |
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Yamagata Aritomi
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Choshu
Created equality of opportunity in army 1870-studied in Europe French and German military Defeated Takamori |
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Ito Hirobumi
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Drafted Meiji Constitution based on western ideas
Leader of first political party called Seiyuki Assassinated in Korea |
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Right of Supreme Command
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Solution to nationalism problem in Japan
Emperor viewed as Supreme Power in Japan Behind scenes emperor is figure head and military controls Yamagato is Emperor at this time in 1898 |
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Sino-Japanese War
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1894-95
End point of Korean Independence Lasted 9 months Japan expelled China from Korea, defeated China's navy, captured Port Arthur and Liaodong Peninsula Ended China's reign as world power |
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Treaty of Shimonoseki
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1895
Gave Japan Taiwan, Port Arthur, and Liaodong Made China respect Korea's autonomy Victory took west by surprise and caused Triple Intervention |
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Triple Intervention
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1895
Russia, France, and Germany Advised Japan to surrender everything won in Sino-Japanese War Russia then took control of Port Arthur and Liaodong Big spit in the face to Japan Cause the Russo-Japanese War |
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Anglo- Japanese Alliance
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1902
Alliance between Japan and Britain Committed each country to come to the defence of the other should a 3rd Party become involved in war. Led to Japan declaring war over Russia |
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Russo-Japanese War
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1904-05
War between Russia and Japan Japan launched surprise attach on Fort Arthur. Destroyed Russian navy fleet Inspired Asian with hope they could defeat west as well Japan declared World Power |
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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1905
Peace Settlement Gave Japan south half of Korea, Liaodong, south Manchuran Railway and Mining. Also gave Russian acknowledgement |
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Taisho Democracy
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1912-1926
After WWI Prosperity Two-Party political system Hara Takashi become first commoner Prime Minister Unstable coalitions and divisiveness led to political parties that controlled power Despite lack of depression that was seen around world, sense of rising discontent |
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Hara Takashi
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1919-1921
First Commoner Prime Minister during Taisho Era Not very popular in legislation No major institute reform Before prime minister was leader of Seiyukai Stabbed to death by right winged nationalist |
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Seiyukai
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Founded by Ito Hirobumi in 1900
Most powerful political party in Japan from 1900-1921 Opposed social reforms, focused on bureaucratic control and militarism During Hara Takashi's rule cabinet was made with members of Seiyukai 1920 was peak of party's popularity |
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Shidehara Diplomacy
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• 1921-1931 Policy to use diplomatic and economy to show Japan interest in Asia
• Under pressure, Moved to other areas. Needed to find sources abroad |
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Shidehara
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• 1924 First Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Upheld principles of League of Nations, Against militarism, Liberal Foreign Policy • Shidehara Diplomacy |
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May 15th Incident
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• 1932-Attempted coup in Japan
• Tsuyoshi assassinated. Petitioned punish for murderers • Lack of punishment eroded rule of law • Led to militarism |
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Emperor Hirohito
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• 1926-1989 Start of reign Japan was great power. Imperial expansion, militarization, and WWII
• Not prosecuted as War criminal • Symbol of New State |
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident
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• 1937 Often used as Marker for start of Second Sino-Japanese War
• Battle between Republic of China and Japan • National humiliation in China |
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Nanjing Massacre
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• 1937 During Second Sino-Japanese War. Mass Murder and war rape following capture of Nanjing
• Controversial. Claimed to be exaggerated or even fabricated for propaganda purposes |
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Pearl Harbor
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• 1941 Military strike against US by Japan
• 353 Japanese fighters • Led to America entry into WWII • Led also to defeat of Japanese because of lack of follow-through by Nagumo |
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Midway
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• 1942 Most important naval battle of US in WWII
• US Defeated Japan attack against Midway Atoll. Japan Response to Doolittle Raid. • Japan unable to keep up with US after this. Turning point of Japan success in WWII |
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Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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• 1945 Only active deployment of nuclear weapons in history
• Before bombing US called for surrender. Ignored. After bombing Japan announced surrender to allied powers |
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Potsdam Declaration
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• 1945 Statement calling for Surrender of Japan in WWII
• If Japan did not surrender—ultimate destruction • Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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Douglas McArthur
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• General of Army, chief of staff, during 1930’s. Oversaw Japan occupation in 1945-1951
• Effective, saw economic, social and political changes. |
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Article IX
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• Claus in National Constitution of Japan that prohibits an act of war by state.
• 1947. Japan remains de facto armed forces |
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Yoshida Shigeru
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• Was Japanese diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan 1946-47
• Emphasized Japanese economic recovery and reliance on US military protection • Under leadership rebuilt lost infrastructure |
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Yoshida Doctrine
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• Named after Yoshida Shigeru
• Highest priority on economic development while keeping low diplomatic profile. Helped recover Japan after WWII |
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Ming
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• Ruling Dynasty from 1368-1644
• Following collapse of Mongol led dynasty • Overthrow led to Qing Dynasty |
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Nurhaci
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• Important Manchu chieftain rose up to power during 16th Century
• Led raids against Ming |
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Li Zecheng
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• Rebel Leader who defeated Ming Dynasty
• Captured Beijing in 1644 • Briefly emperor under Shun Dynasty • Led to Qing Dynasty being established |
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Kang Xi
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• Reign 1661-1722
• Longest Reigning emperor in history • Able to cement Qing power • Suppressed Revolt of Three feudatories • Brought longterm stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos |
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Qing Dynasty
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• Rose up after collapse of Ming
• Qing emperor was Shunzhi • Kang Xi rule in 1669 made it stable-doubled population • Fell in 1911 |
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Wu Sangui
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• General of Ming Dynasty
• Instrumental in successful establishment of Qing • Later lead revolt against Qing in 1673 to return China to Ming Rule |
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Three Feudatories
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• Revolted during Kang Xi’s rule 1681. Led by Wu Sangui
• Division of China • Made up of Yunnan Fujian and Guangdang • Kang Xi wanted to get rid of them, posed threat. Reduced power of lords |
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George McCartney
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• 1792-94 Led first envoy of Great Britain to China
• Goal was to ease restriction of trade • Ultimately unsuccessful • Missed opportunity for China to move toward accommodation with West |
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Lin Zexu
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• Leading Scholar and official of Qing Dynasty
• Role in events leading to Opium Wars Imperial commissioner in 1838 • Revitalization of traditional China. Self Strengthening Movement |
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Self-Strengthening Movement
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• 1861-1895 Institutional Reform during Qing
• Tried to strengthen China against West • Adopted west firearms, military modernization, commerce, industry and Agriculture |
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Opium Wars
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• Climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between Qing and Britain.
• First: 1839-42. Chinese stop outflow of silver and spread of Opium. Start of war. Treaty of Nanking-1842, First Unequal Treaty • Second: 1856-60 Britain, France and US demand negotiations to treaties. China refused, France joined Britain. China surrendered, more Unequal Treaties |
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Unequal Treaties
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• Treaties imposed by Western Powers on Qing after Opium Wars of 1842, 1856-60. Tokugawa Japan during 1854 when Matthew Perry opened Japan, Ended in Japan after Sino Japanese War 1894-95 China in 1928
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Taiping Rebellion
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• Widespread Civil War in southern China. 1850-1864
• Led by Xiuquan against Qing. • Xiuquan established Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Nanjing. Controlled large parts of Chinese military, attempted social reforms, replaced traditional religion with form of Christianity • Qing defeated with eventual aid from Britain and France |
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Zeng Guofan
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• Han official, military general and devout Confucian scholar of Qing.
• Raises Xiang army to fight Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • Restored stability of Qing with Li Hongzhang |
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Li Hongzhang
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• Best known for negotiation skills in 1894 after First Sino-Japanese War
• Symbol for Qing weakness in face-to-face foreign powers • Both regarded w/ criticism and praise for military campaign against Taiping Rebellion |
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Yuan Shikai
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• Important Chinese general participated in Sino-Japanese War Left before Chinese forces were attacked
• Appointed leader of New Army • Defied Cixi • 1st President of Republic of China • 1915-1916 Emperor of China |
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Sun-Yatsen
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• Referred to as the Founding Father of the Republic of China
• Played instrumental role in overthrow of Qing • Provisional President of Republic of China • Communism, died in 1905 Did not see party consolidate power |
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Cixi
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• 1861-1908 Ruler of Manchu-Qing
• Stopped 100 Days Reform • Considered it too sudden • Rebellions rose because of stop. (Boxer Rebellion) • Caused ultimate downfall of Qing |
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Guangxu
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• Ruled from 1875-1908 under Cixi’s influence
• Initiated 100 Days Reform • Stopped by Cixi in 1898 led to Boxer rebellion. Under House arrest until death |
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One Hundred Days Reform
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• Failed 104 day national cultural, political, and educational reform in late Qing dynasty. Guangxu emperor undertook it. Ended in 1898 by Cixi
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Sino-Centric Order
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• China is center of civilization and superior to all other nations. Ended in 1895 when Japan beat China in the Sino-Japanese War
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Kang Youwei
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• Prominent political reformer in late Qing
• Supporter of 100 days reform. • Ideas never put into application • Advocate for constitutional monarchy even after republic was formed |
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Mao Zedong
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• Leader of Chinese Revolution. Founder of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Credited with commanding the Long March and Leading CCP to victory against Kai-Shek. Enacted land reform. Led Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. Controversial figure. Transformed China into major industrial power
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Xi'an Incident
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• 1936 During Chinese Civil War between Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party. Just before Second Sino Japanese War. Kai-Shek kidnapped by Xueliang. Led to Nationalist and Communist to make peace because of Japan threat
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Zhang Xueliang
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• Effective ruler of Manchuria. Father: Zuolin. Xi’an Incident kidnapped Kai-Shek
• Formed alliance to take out Japan. |
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Peng Dehuai
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• Leader of Communist Part of China. Defense Minister 1954-59 Important Commander during Second Sino-Japanese War, Civil War, and commander-in-chief of People’s Volunteer Army of Korea. Critisized Mao during Great Leap. Suffered through Cultural Revolution, led to death
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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• Influential leader of Guomindang
• 1926 led Northern Expedition to unify country. • Nominal leader. Led China in Second Sino-Japanese War. Promoted Chinese Culture. Civil War with CCP. Lost. Moved to Taiwan. Ruled as President of Republic of China until death in 1975 |
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Guomindang
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• China’s Nationalist Party. Ruled much of China from 1928-1949 with its retreat after being defeated by CCP during Chinese Civil War. In Taiwan, Guomindang ruled under single party state until 1970
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CCP
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• Founding and ruling political Party of People’s Republic of China. Found 1921 in Shanghai. Lengthy Civil War with Guomindang.
• Largest political party, led by Mao. • Reformed China into World’s largerst power in modern day. |
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People's Republic of China
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• Governed by CCP Established in 1949 after Civil War. Over years disputes between Guomindang in Taiwan occurred. World’s fastest growing economy after reform in 1978. Becoming a potential superpower
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Zhang Zuolin
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• Warlord of Manchuria from 1916-1928
• Defeated by Chiang Kai-Shek in 1928 • Killed by bomb planted by Japanese. Japan was infuriated by failure to stop Nationalist |
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Liu Shaoqi
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• Head of State of People’s Republic of China in 1959-1968
• Fell from favor in 1960’s during Cultural Revolution. • Seen as threat by Mao. Disappeared from public. Labeled as traitor • Given a state funeral by Xiaoping |
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First United Front
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• Formed in 1922
• An alliance to end warlordism in China between the Guomindang and CCP to spread communism • Formed National Revolutionary army • Both had different agendas. Unstable. Kai-Shek purged communist from Front causing civil war to start |
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Second United Front
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• Unification of Guomindang and CCP a second time during the Second Sino-Japanese War and stopped the Chinese Civil War.
• 1937-1946 |
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Cultural Revolution
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• 1966-1976
• Set into motion by Mao. Wanted to spread socialism into state and get rid of capitalism • Brought chaos. Damaged country economically and socially |
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Deng Xiaoping
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• China reformer who led China towards market economy 1978-1992
• Studied and worked in France • Opened China to foreign investment, global market, and limited private competition. • Credited for developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in world for over 30 years. |
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100 Flowers Movement
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• Early 1957 during CCP encouraged a variety of views and ideas for solution of problems in the government
• During which too many criticism of the government. Mao haulted. |
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Republic of China
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• Commonly known as Taiwan
• Became the ROC after Chinese Civil War when the Guomindang lost and moved into Taiwan. 1928 • Japan took it over during WWII and surrendered it again in 1945 • The government returned to Nanking in 1946 |
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Great Leap Forward
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economic and social campaign of the CCP1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization
Led by MaoThe years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958-61 being the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China's economy saw negative growth. |
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May 4th Movement
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anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problemmarked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites
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Tianamen Square Incident
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beginning on 15 April 1989The movement used mainly non-violent methods and can be considered a case of civil resistance.[2] Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in the year that was to see the collapse of a number of communist governments in eastern Europe.government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, cracked down on other protests around China, banned the foreign press from the country and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press
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