Asia 183 Midterm

Front 1

hexgram

Back 1

the product of a milfoil stalk divination; the six lines interpreted in order to gain understanding and for future action

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trigram

Back 2

the two separate parts of the hexgram, consists of three lines and have its own name, put together to form hexgram

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Confucianism

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philosophic thought by Confucius during Zhou dynasty, believed in ritual propriety and benevolence, believed that when people held these two beliefs, positive social transformation would occur (Poceski 43)

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Ru

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scholars of Confucius, revered him, involved with elite government service (Poceski 35)

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Han Dynasty

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220 BCE- 23 BCE (later Han), Emp. Wudi made Confusciansim the primary religion, created a school for Confucian learning (Taishei), time of intellectual growth, idea of five phases, heavens directing actions

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The Five Classics

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five primary books of Confuciansim, compiled by many, Book of Songs (anthology of verses), Book of Change (manual of divination), Book of Documents (collection of speeches/proclamations, stories about ancient rulers), Spring and Autumn Annals (chronicle of state of Lu), Three Texts about Rituals

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The Book of Music –

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known to be the 6th classic, lost in the Han Dynasty

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Way (Dao) –

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“the way”, doctrine/principle followed by most Chinese philosophers, life of virtue, oneness with nature, indivisible and underlying reality in all the cosmos (pg 65)

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Mozi/Mohists –

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Warring States period, believed in Supreme Lord of Heaven, supernatural realm with spirits, no veneration of ancestors, universal love for all people well being for common man, pacificist, utilitarian spirit (all states should have equal chance in defense) (poceksi 49)

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Analects –

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collection of general truths and conversations Confucius had with his followers, lacks structure, main source of teachings, some say is direct verbatim of Confucius (poceksi 42)

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Legalists

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Han Feizi, believed that people were inherently selfish, are naturally anti social that needed to be channeled by punishment/strict law code, preservation and strengthening of the state and expansion of its power, utilitarian, totalarian, no concern for morality (poceski 50)

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Xunzi

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believed humans were naturally evil and controlled by desires, no ability to distinguish right from wrong, can be trained to be civilized/modified, can change society, moral excellence took conscious effort to learn about virtue and wisdom

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Mengzi/Mencius

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opposed to war, promoted human governance to solve problems of time, believed in a good example set up by a ruler, against harsh punishments/strict regulations, goodness of human nature (compassion), 4 basic virtues are benevolence, righteousness, ritual, wisdom (51)

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Yin and Yang

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opposite forces that controlled universe, primordial force, yang –pure and light, sunny side/ying – destructive, negative, feminine, we were affected by changes in these two forces (70,71)

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Heaven

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Tian, circle above Earth, ultimate paradise, supreme deity during Zhou, moral force that was ambigiously good, dominion over both spiritual and normal world, concerned with ethical welfare of people (19)

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Universal Love/Impartial Caring –

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idea of the Mozi, believed that everyone should be loved ,care for all things as my own, would cause social harmony among all

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Laozi –

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central figure in Daoism, mythical, wrote Daodejing, central book to Daoism (64)

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Wuwei –

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non action, best way of approaching harmonius state, uncontrived, effortless behavior that is free from grasping fixation, not self – centered activity or unnecessary efforts, but not passivity (67)

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Daode jing –

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central book of Dao, teaches how to return back to harmonious state, uses paradoxes to shows truths, technology isn’t always the best thing, teaches virtue (pg 65)

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ritual/ritual propriety

Back 20

figure this one out!

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1. Shang Dynasty:

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second Chinese dynasty (debate over existence of Xia); use of bronze; use of oracle bones in divination; importance of rituals, especially in burials; many clues to this dynasty come from inscriptions on bronze vessels and on oracle bones

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turtle plastrons :

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underside of turtle; used in divination/oracle bone practices (plastromancy)

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2. oracle bones

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:used as means for divination; heated rods applied and bone would crack, cracks interpreted and provided answer to question; inscriptions of question and result; provide historical information; source of earliest Chinese writing

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Shang Di:

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Supreme God or heaven; especially during Zhou dynasty; also, Tian

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7. Pyromancy :

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divination by means of fire; practiced during Shang and Zhou; heating of animal bones (scapula and plastrons)

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Xia Dynasty:

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no strong archaeological or written evidence of existence; considered first Chinese dynasty; sage kings; Emperor Yu the Great (controller of the floods)

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ancestral spirits (Shang)

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: also, veneration of ancestors; belief that spirits of deceased family members occupy and interact in the human realm; rituals to ensure welfare of spirits

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Divination :

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using a ritual to provide an answer/guidance in regards to a question

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nature powers :

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figure this one out!

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Sacrifice :

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offering of food, object, or human life to super-being powers

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11. 3 Sovereigns (sagely kings) Yao, Shun, Yu :

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mythological rulers of early China; Yao  Shun Yu, as founder of the Xia, known as controller of the floods by creating dykes and channels; known for moral perfection and devotion to the elevation of the Chinese state – during reigns, utopia

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12. Yellow Emperor

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: also, Huangdi; portrayed as originator of Chinese society; said to have discovered fire and invent aspects of everyday life (medicine, astronomy); one of the legendary Five Emperors (sage kings)

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Eastern Zhou :

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770-256 BCE; subdivided into Spring & Autumn and Warring States period

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Western Zhou

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1045-771 BCE; capital sacked in 771, end of Western Zhou and transition to Eastern Zhou

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Spring and Autumn period :

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770 - 476 BCE; power struggle among feudal states; conflict shaped thought for Confucius

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Mandate of Heaven :

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established at beginning of Zhou dynasty; legitimized rule by having the mandate, or heavenly support; provided cycle for transfer of power

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Warring States period:

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403-221 BCE ; chaos, no social order; iron metallurgy; bronze production at pinnacle; out of this period of chaos came “hundred schools of thought” – Mohism, Legalism, Daoism

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Tian (Heaven)

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synonymous with Shangdi, meaning “heaven”; in Confucianism and Daoism

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Ancestral cult -

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veneration of ancestors; based of Confucian filial piety

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Ritual Revolution

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– *sorry guys, but I’m not exactly sure if this is referring to the Mohist thought (that ritual is excessive) or incorporation of Buddhist mediation into Daoism… or the use of bronze vessels, jade (including body suits)… but those are some major shifts throughout Chinese ritualistic history; also, the transition from ancestor worship to personal meditation with later Daoism

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Zhuangzi (book and person):

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Much more focused on the “inner” world and the forms of consciousness in relation to finding the Dao