Asia 101 Powerpoint

Front 1

East Asian gov't in 1500: a centralized bureaucracy with a very strong monarch, and a bureaucracy selected with a Confucian civil service examination.

Back 1

(Ming) China

Front 2

East Asian gov't in 1500: a Chinese-style centralized government, but with a weaker
monarch and a civil service staffed by a Confucian scholar class defined
both by heredity and by performance on civil service exams.

Back 2

Korea (Choson)

Front 3

East Asian gov't in 1500: A fragmented country under the rule of warriors. No civil service examination and no effective central government

Back 3

(Warring States Japan)

Front 4

East Asian gov't in 1500: A Chinese-style centralized government with a king, and with a bureaucracy selected with a Confucian civil service exam. Not as much social mobility as China.

Back 4

Vietnam

Front 5

East Asian gov't in 1500: looked Confucian in structure but did not use the civil service exam.

Back 5

The Kingdom of the Ryūkyūs

Front 6

1500s: South Asian merchants traded with the

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Malay peninsula and Sumatra (and sometimes with Java)

Front 7

1500s: Overseas Chinese ran trading networks linking

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southern China with Southeast Asia.

Front 8

1500s: The Kingdom of the Ryūkyūs linked

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Korea and Japan,
and sometimes China, with Southeast Asia

Front 9

1500s: Within maritime Southeast Asia, there was trade between the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and points west---

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the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.

Front 10

After 1500, WHO muscled in on SE Asian trade.

Back 10

the Portuguese

Front 11

1500s: Southeast Asia has kingdoms, like in China but 2

Back 11

1. without centralized
control
2. without a non-aristocratic
bureaucracy

Front 12

1500s: Important political entities in S and SE Asia are what from Java (1), (Malay peninsula 2), (Siam 3)

Back 12

1. Majapahit
2. Malacca (Melaka)
3. Ayudhya

Front 13

1500s: South Asia lacks the sort of unified strong government we see in ... but the many kingdoms there are stronger than the kingdoms ...

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China; of Southeast Asia.

Front 14

1500s: In the North of SA, there were... In the south there were ...

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sultanates; Hindu kingdoms

Front 15

1500s: In Ceylon (Sri Lanka), there were two ...plus a ...

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Buddhist kingdoms; Hindu
kingdom.

Front 16

1500s: The people are ...,
not .... Those governments are not ...

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subjects, not citizens; their governments

Front 17

1500s: ... is the dominant religion in Central Asia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Malaysia

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Islam

Front 18

1500s: ... is the dominant religion in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia

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Theravada Buddhism

Front 19

1500s: ... is the dominant form of Buddhism in Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam. Confucianism still influences China, Korea, Vietnam, and, to a lessor extent, Japan

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Mahayana Buddhism

Front 20

1500s: ... is dominant in Tibet and Mongolia

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Tibet Buddhism

Front 21

1500s: ...is dominant in India.

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Hinduism

Front 22

1500s: ... is strong in the Philippines

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Christianity

Front 23

1500s: Ruled not by Chinese but by ..., together with a lay Tibetan aristocracy.

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Tibetan monks

Front 24

Dalai Lamas rose to secular as well as spiritual power with the aid of ... in the 16th century

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Mongols

Front 25

The 4th Dalai Lama was

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a Mongol, not a Tibetan

Front 26

1500: Tibetan society can be divided into three groups:

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monks, aristocrats, and serfs.

Front 27

1500: What’s a serf? Not a ... (they cannot be sold), but someone who is .... Many serfs were ... serfs.

Back 27

slave; bound to the land; temple

Front 28

1500: Was Tibet a theocracy?

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Not really, since the monks shared power with a lay aristocracy.

Front 29

1500: Were Tibetans nomads?

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Some were, but most were not.

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1500: Was Tibet controlled by China during the Ming dynasty?

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Not at all.

Front 31

1500: The languages of the Tibetans are very different from ..., both in ....

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Chinese; their spoken and their written forms

Front 32

1500: Tibetan Buddhism is very different from Chinese-style ...

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Mahayana Buddhism

Front 33

1500: Tibetan society and government gave much more power and status to who than China did.

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monks

Front 34

1500: Tibetan women could have WHAT? (something impossible in China).

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more than one husband at a time

Front 35

1500s: Tibet was not ruled by

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Confucian bureaucrats.

Front 36

1500s: Central Asia: ... was spread by Arab, Persian, and Turkic ... (and some ...) who traveled along the ....

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Islam; merchants; Sufi missionaries; Silk Road

Front 37

Among the groups converted were the ..., who used to be ...

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Uighurs; Christians

Front 38

By 1600, Central Asia was mostly ....

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Muslim

Front 39

Maritime Southeast Asia: ... was spread by... from South Asia.

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Islam; merchants

Front 40

Malacca, on the Malay peninsula, was one ...

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early Islamic trading centre.

Front 41

The Mughals saw themselves as ...-... descendants of ... and ....

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Turkish-Mongolian; Chinghis Khan; Timur the Lame

Front 42

Mongols: continued Turkish tradition of bloody battles among brothers when

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their father, the ruler, died.

Front 43

The Mughals Enjoyed Timurid gardens, in which they held parties at which they: 3

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1. recited poetry
2. drank
3. and used drugs.

Front 44

The Mughals like to stay on the move, living in both

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palaces and tents.

Front 45

The Mughals: these 2 languages were used at court, along with what became:

Back 45

Persian
Turkic
Hindi-Urdu

Front 46

Muslim Turks from Central Asia, who also spoke Persian

Back 46

Mughals

Front 47

Mughal rulers: (1483-1530)

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Babur

Front 48

Mughal rulers: ( 1530-1540, 1555-1556)

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Humayun

Front 49

Mughal rulers: (1556-1605)

Back 49

Akbar

Front 50

Mughal rulers: (1605-1627)

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Jahangir

Front 51

Mughal rulers: (1627-1658)

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Shah Jahan

Front 52

Mughal rulers: (1658-1707)

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Aurangzeb

Front 53

Hindu warriors from Rajasthan in northwestern India...

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Rajputs

Front 54

a new religious group that took up arms in self-defense in the Punjab.

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Sikhs

Front 55

a Hindu group from western India who rose up in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji.

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Marathas

Front 56

Mughal Government:
Centralized, but staffed by ..., who led armies personally loyal to them.

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warrior-aristocrats

Front 57

Mughal Government:
Collected ...(with the help of
zamindars)

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taxes on agriculture

Front 58

Mughal Government:
Ritual, both secular and religious, was used to ...

Back 58

enhance the authority of top officials

Front 59

Mughal Government:
Personal nature of ties that held the government together led to fighting at the top over succession, with emperors ...

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being overthrown by their own sons

Front 60

Mughal economy:
Was the world’s leading producer of

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cotton textiles

Front 61

Religion under the Mughals:
Akbar’s abortive attempt to create a ...that would unite Hindus and Muslims. He also encouraged religious debates at his court, raising hope among ... that he would convert.

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new religion; Christian
missionaries

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Religion under the Mughals:
The birth of the ... religion, South Asia’s first indigenous monotheistic religion.

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Sikh

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Sikhs are neither ..., though they share the ... belief in reincarnation and
... monotheism.

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Muslims nor Hindus; Hindu; Muslim

Front 64

Though Sikhs are important, they remain ... in South Asia outside of the Punjab region.

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a small religious minority

Front 65

China 1368-1644

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Ming dynasty

Front 66

The Ming represents an interlude of Chinese control between these two non Chinese dynasties:

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Mongol and Manchu

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The Ming: style: the emperor dominated his
bureaucracy

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Authoritarian

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Ming:
Staffed by men ...

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selected from the gentry

Front 69

Ming:
Central government reached down to the ...
level.

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district

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Ming:
Below that, local gentry maintained law and order, with the help of the ... system

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10-family mutual responsibility

Front 71

Ming:
Preferred to deal with other countries via the:

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hierarchical tributary system

Front 72

Ming:
early 15th century voyages of Zheng He were intended to attract

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more countries to the tributary system.

Front 73

Ming:
Korea, the Ryūkyūs, and Vietnam were

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Faithful tribute partners

Front 74

Ming:
Fought against ... in ... in 1590s

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Japan; Korea

Front 75

Ming:
In Japan: a shogun ... early in the 15th century but soon stopped.

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offered tribute

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Ming:
Tibet, Manchuria, and Mongolia

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were not regular parts of the tribute system.

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Ming:
Southeast Asian countries and even Bengal

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sometimes offered tribute.

Front 78

Ming:
also led to ..., including the growing use of... But no ....

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monetization; silver coins; capitalism

Front 79

The Ming economy:
No true capitalism most manufacturing was done by people who ... to manufacture those goods.

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owned the tools they used

Front 80

The Ming:
No capitalists: only

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rich merchants

Front 81

2 Ming pieces of pop culture:

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1. drama, particularly opera
2. fiction, particularly novels

Front 82

The Ming fall:
Murphey appears to blame ... in the government , especially among the ....

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corruption; eunuchs

Front 83

The Ming fall:
He also mentions the cost of the Ming...

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war with the Japanese over control of Korea

Front 84

The Ming fall:
Murphey doesn’t mention other economic causes, including a shortfall of ..., and smaller harvests because of bad ....

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silver; weather

Front 85

The Portuguese in South Asia:
They encountered Indian ..., whom they tried to put under the authority of ...

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Christians; the Pope

Front 86

The Portuguese in South Asia:
They made ... their base--it remained Portuguese
until 1961.

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Goa

Front 87

The Portuguese in South Asia:
Jesuit missionaries tried to take advantage of .... religious curiosity but were unable to convert him.

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Akbar’s

Front 88

The Portuguese in South Asia:
In Sri Lanka, they were more successful in

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converting local leaders.

Front 89

the Society of Jesus is

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Jesuits

Front 90

Catholic missionaries:
in Japan-

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a few decades of success, then a rapid collapse.

Front 91

Catholic missionaries:
China--

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a permanent but small presence

Front 92

Catholic missionaries:
Sri Lanka--

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more political success than success among the overall population.

Front 93

Catholic missionaries:
Vietnam and Korea

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not important until later.

Front 94

The Dutch:
set up VOC, or

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The Dutch East India Company

Front 95

The Dutch:
Set up a base in ... in 1619

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Java

Front 96

The Dutch:
Established a fort in ... in 1624

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Taiwan

Front 97

The Dutch:
Captured ... in 1641

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Malacca

Front 98

The Dutch:
Allowed a trading post on Deshima in ...

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Nagasaki harbor

Front 99

The Dutch:
Took over ... in 1658

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Ceylon

Front 100

The British:
Went to Asia under the guise of

Back 100

the East India company

Front 101

The British:
Confined to outposts in

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South Asia

Front 102

How were the Dutch and the English different
from the Spanish and the Portuguese?

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They were less interested in God than they were in gold.

Front 103

Other Western nations in Asia:

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France and Russia

Front 104

Limited West:
No overall Western ... superiority

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scientific or technological

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Limited West:
Except in 3

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military, nautical, and astronomical matters.

Front 106

Limited West:
Much was happening in Asia at that time that

Back 106

had nothing or little to do with the West

Front 107

From Jurchen to ... in 1635 (Successors to Jin dynasty?)

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Manchu;

Front 108

But not all Jurchen became Manchu, and not all Manchu had been Jurchen- ...was more important than who your ancestors were in determining if you were ... or not.

Back 108

political loyalty; Manchu

Front 109

The Manchu were not considered part of the in the 17th century

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Chinese “nation”

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How were the Manchu able to conquer the Chinese, who greatly outnumbered them?

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Chinese opened the gates in the Great Wall for them.

Front 111

Traditional Chinese:
inheritance

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divided among sons

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Traditional Chinese: elite defined by 2

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land-ownership and Confucian degrees

Front 113

Society in Manchu China:
Some hereditary positions--3

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bondservants, bannermen and
member of the Chinese Army of the Green Standard

Front 114

Society in Manchu China:
Dual administration: at higher levels of government, bannermen were placed

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alongside Chinese officials of the same rank

Front 115

Society in Manchu China:
Chinese officials had to pass

Back 115

the Confucian civil service exam.

Front 116

Society in Manchu China:
Bondservants were used to offset

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the power of Confucian officials.

Front 117

Society in Manchu China:
Who bound their feet?

Back 117

the Chinese, but not the Manchu

Front 118

Manchu Power:
China was considered to be

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part of the Manchu empire

Front 119

Manchu Power:
2 Great emperors:
1. (1662-1722)
2. (1736-95)

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1. Kangxi
2. Qianlong

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Confucianism under Manchu rule is called

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Neo-Confucianism

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Neo-Confucianism:
a moral metaphysics, in which all important issues

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become moral issues and therefore cannot be debated.

Front 122

China Under the Qing:
no ... society permitted

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civil

Front 123

Evidential learning:

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a retreat from dangerous philosophical issues?

Front 124

Popular Culture under the Manchu: urban culture was

Back 124

non-distinct

Front 125

Popular Culture under the Manchu:
The Scholars and
Dream of the Red Chamber is:

Back 125

vernacular fiction.

Front 126

Popular Culture under the Manchu:
Religion included secret societies like the

Back 126

White Lotus groups

Front 127

The economy of Qing China:
Traded with the West using the Canton or ... system

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Guangzhou

Front 128

The economy of Qing China:
the population

Back 128

grew

Front 129

Manchu Ritual and Power:
They had many

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ritual stances

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Manchu Ritual and Power:
when dealing with the Han Chinese they were

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Confucian rulers

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Manchu Ritual and Power:
...to the Manchu-Mongolian subjects

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Khans

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Manchu Ritual and Power:
...to the Tibetan subjects

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Bodhisattvas

Front 133

Manchu Ritual and Power:
They even tamed their own

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shamans

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Before Tokugawa: The shogunate:

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Muromachi

Front 135

Before Tokugawa: the Muromachi shoguns were

Back 135

Ashikaga shoguns

Front 136

Before Tokugawa: The Muromachi shogunate exercised less authority after the

Back 136

Onin War

Front 137

Before Tokugawa:
Daimyos (1)
Buddhists (2)
and merchants (3)

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1. began acting like kings of their domains
2. began forming armed communities
3. established independent cities.

Front 138

Before Tokugawa:
The economy was

Back 138

growing

Front 139

Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (invaded Korea), and
Tokugawa Ieyasu were the

Back 139

three unifiers

Front 140

Who established a shogunate in 1600?

Back 140

Ieyasu

Front 141

A military government in which the leader is officially the emperor’s chief military officer. The emperor continued to reign, but the shogun wielded the greatest power.

Back 141

a Shogunate

Front 142

The Tokugawa:
Took swords away from

Back 142

the peasants

Front 143

The Tokugawa:
pulled who off the land?

Back 143

samurai

Front 144

The Tokugawa:
Crushed independent

Back 144

religious organizations

Front 145

The Tokugawa:
The gov't was

Back 145

decentralized

Front 146

The Tokugawa:
was ruled by

Back 146

warriors

Front 147

The Tokugawa:
urban culture was

Back 147

distinctive

Front 148

The Tokugawa:
had itself

Back 148

isolated from the world

Front 149

The Baku-han system:
Tokugawa house controlledthe most

Back 149

land

Front 150

The Baku-han system:
Domains were rearranged to

Back 150

strengthen Tokugawa control

Front 151

The Baku-han system:
Daimyo were required to spend

Back 151

half theirtime in Edo

Front 152

The Baku-han system:
Religions were

Back 152

strictly controlled

Front 153

The Baku-han system:
foreign trade was

Back 153

strictly limited

Front 154

Tokugawa economic and social:
Population size ... by mid 18th-century

Back 154

stabilized;

Front 155

Tokugawa economic and social:
Merchants...

Back 155

grew wealthier, and more independent

Front 156

Tokugawa economic and social:
Samurai became ...

Back 156

bureaucrats

Front 157

Tokugawa urban culture:
Ukiyo-e were

Back 157

woodblock paintings

Front 158

Women in Tokugawa Japan:
after marriage .... They also lost ...they had
once enjoyed.

Back 158

They had to move into their husband’s home; inheritance rights

Front 159

Women in Tokugawa Japan:
Divorce

Back 159

could not be initiated by women

Front 160

Women in Tokugawa Japan:
wives had to allow who in their homes?

Back 160

Concubines

Front 161

Decentralization helped Japan to

Back 161

nurture its competitive spirit

Front 162

Why didn’t decentralization help India the way it helped Japan?

Back 162

Japanese spoke the same language and had ethnic homogeneity

Front 163

An island chain between the main Japanese islands and Taiwan--inhabited by people related to, but not the same as, the Japanese.

Back 163

the Ryūkyūs

Front 164

The Ryūkyūs were an independent ... in the 15th and 16th centuries. Taken over by the ... of Satsuma in 1609, which controlled it behind the scenes until 1879, when ... absorbed it.

Back 164

kingdom; Han; Japan

Front 165

Ryūkyūan culture:
Adopted ..., and Mazu worship, from ...

Back 165

Confucianism; China

Front 166

Ryūkyūan culture:
Japan gave it ... but it had its own indigenous ... as well

Back 166

Buddhism; shamanism

Front 167

Ryūkyūan culture:
... taught Ryūkyūans how to produce glazed pottery.

Back 167

Korea

Front 168

Ryūkyūans gave Japan 3

Back 168

karate,
the shamisen,
sweet potatoes.

Front 169

Chosŏn Korea:
Led by a

Back 169

a king

Front 170

Chosŏn Korea:
Its bureaucracy needed

Back 170

to pass civil service exams

Front 171

Chosŏn Korea:
its gov't was

Back 171

centralized

Front 172

Chosŏn Korea:
hereditary status compared to China?

Back 172

more important in Korea

Front 173

Chosŏn Korea:
was gov'd by

Back 173

yangban

Front 174

Chosŏn Korea:
yangban were

Back 174

members of an hereditary land owning Confucian-scholar elite who had passed the civil service exam.

Front 175

Chosŏn Korea:
economically

Back 175

underdevelopd

Front 176

Chosŏn Korea:
trade with other countries was

Back 176

minimal

Front 177

Chosŏn Korea:
within Korea there was little use of

Back 177

currency

Front 178

Chosŏn Korea:
Yangban could not engage in ...

Back 178

commerce

Front 179

Chosŏn Korea:
merchants could not

Back 179

become yangban

Front 180

Chosŏn Korea:
Koreans considered the Manchu to be

Back 180

barbarians

Front 181

Chosŏn Korea:
even after the Manchu replaced the Ming they were

Back 181

A faithful tributary partner of China

Front 182

Chosŏn Korea:
wary of Japan, because of ... and because of the ... of the 1590s.

Back 182

pirates; invasions

Front 183

Chosŏn Korea:
No ... were allowed in Korea

Back 183

Westerners

Front 184

Chosŏn Korea:
Han’gŭl was

Back 184

an alphabet common for fiction

Front 185

Chosŏn Korea:
popular ... also emerged: P’ansori (one person opera) and mask dance (humorous plays mocking monks and yangban)

Back 185

drama

Front 186

Vietnam under the Le:
The Le emperors ... in the early 16th century, though they ...until the late 18th century.

Back 186

lost control of their country; stayed on the throne

Front 187

Vietnam under the Le:
In the north, the Trinh family ....

Back 187

ruled

Front 188

Vietnam under the Le:
In the south, the Nyugen ...and
... farther south.

Back 188

exercised control; seized territory

Front 189

Europeans in Vietnam:
In the 1600s, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, and the Dutch all .... They all were

Back 189

set up trading posts in Vietnam; unable to make much money.

Front 190

Europeans in Vietnam:
The French sent missionaries, who ...and created a way ...

Back 190

converted a few Vietnamese; to write Vietnamese phonetically.

Front 191

Vietnam-a Confucian state:
A rebellion in the late 18th century overthrew the 3

Back 191

The Le, the Trinh, and the Nguyen

Front 192

Vietnam-a Confucian state:
a ... survivor, with French help, seized control of ... in 1802.

Back 192

Nguyen; the entire country

Front 193

Vietnam-a Confucian state:
The Nguyen survivor ran a ... government

Back 193

Confucian-style

Front 194

Why did the Mughals fall?
moral flaws in Mughal rulers like

Back 194

Aurangzeb

Front 195

Why did the Mughals fall?
bad economic policies like

Back 195

excessive taxes

Front 196

Why did the Mughals fall?
failure to keep up with ...

Back 196

the latest technology

Front 197

Why did the Mughals fall?
There were barriers to ..., especially under a predatory government.

Back 197

keeping India unified

Front 198

Weaknesses in the Mughal Empire:
disputes for

Back 198

succession

Front 199

Weaknesses in the Mughal Empire:
rule was

Back 199

predatory

Front 200

Weaknesses in the Mughal Empire:
religious, linguistic, and
caste

Back 200

division

Front 201

Weaknesses in the Mughal Empire:
local leaders had

Back 201

their own armies

Front 202

Aurangzeb overextended the empire in battles...

Back 202

against the Marathas

Front 203

1616: First British ... established

Back 203

“factory”

Front 204

1639: The British acquire ...

Back 204

Madras

Front 205

1687: The British settle in

Back 205

Bombay (Mumbai)

Front 206

1690 The British acquire

Back 206

Calcutta (Kolkata)

Front 207

1757: The ...incident leads to the British takeover of Bengal

Back 207

Black Hole of Calcutta

Front 208

1757: The British defeat ... in India.

Back 208

their French rivals

Front 209

1793 The ... for zamindars.

Back 209

Permanent settlement

Front 210

How did the British gain control?:
There was no longer a ... for all of
India

Back 210

single effective government

Front 211

How did the British gain control?:
Increasing ... made Indians vulnerable to British economic power.

Back 211

commercialization

Front 212

How did the British gain control?:
British gained a footing as ... for local Indian rulers.

Back 212

tax-collectors

Front 213

How did the British gain control?:
They advanced with superior ...and ...,
plus a lot of help from Indians.

Back 213

military tactics ; technology

Front 214

How did the British gain control?:
They didn’t rule all of India directly. Instead, much of India was left under the control of.... The British dispatched “...” to help those princes govern.

Back 214

princely states; residents

Front 215

Silver meant that it was easier

Back 215

to engage in commercial activity

Front 216

This created ...between the rich
and the poor

Back 216

an even greater gap

Front 217

Though northern India had been under ...for several centuries by 1800, the majority religion continued to be ....

Back 217

Muslim rule ; Hinduism

Front 218

1800s, Islam was ... in northern India

Back 218

stronger

Front 219

1800s In the Punjab, ... grew into the dominant religion.

Back 219

Sikhism

Front 220

1800s: Ceylon had only a few ...

Back 220

Muslims

Front 221

1800s The Sinhalese in Ceylon tended to be

Back 221

Theravada Buddhists

Front 222

1800s The Tamils in Ceylon tended to be ...

Back 222

Hindus

Front 223

Nepalese majority... is sometimes hard to distinguish from Buddhism

Back 223

Hinduism

Front 224

The British attacked ... in the 19th century and won battles but were unable to establish lasting control

Back 224

Nepal

Front 225

19th c:
Nepalese ... served in the British military.

Back 225

Gurkas

Front 226

19th c:
The British conquer all of ... and make it a separate crown colony, rather than making it a part of India

Back 226

Ceylon

Front 227

When did the West catch up with and then surpass the Asian powers? It caught up with India in the ... century (though it didn’t pass India in cloth production until the early ... century), and with China in the ...

Back 227

18th; 19th; 19th

Front 228

The joining of science and technology in the 19th century followed the .... It didn’t cause it.

Back 228

Industrial Revolution

Front 229

Why did the Industrial Revolution take place in Europe? Europe had more ..., more efficient ... for channeling that ..., and more convenient access to sources of ... for the new technology.

Back 229

capital to invest; institutions; investment; power

Front 230

The West did not have an intrinsic cultural advantage. Instead, it .... (The colonies provided capital and food, allowing the West to concentrate on ...)

Back 230

got lucky; building modern industry

Front 231

British India:
How did the British win? Superior 2

Back 231

military tactics and technology

Front 232

Pre-Nationalist Resistance: was a ..not a nationalist rebellion.

Back 232

local rebellion,

Front 233

The impact of the British presence:
Increasing ... of agriculture

Back 233

commercialization

Front 234

The impact of the British presence:
Caste and jati divisions ....

Back 234

harden

Front 235

The impact of the British presence:
Religious divisions

Back 235

harden as well

Front 236

The impact of the British presence:
The British favored 2 over ....

Back 236

Sikhs and Hindus; Muslims

Front 237

Western Orientalism led to a

Back 237

Hindu Renaissance

Front 238

Proto-nationalism appears as the British begin to make India

Back 238

one nation

Front 239

an imperial power is forced to ... some of its subjects in order to obtain their assistance in exploiting those human and material resources.

Back 239

educate

Front 240

Imperialism is justified by ...

Back 240

racism

Front 241

sometimes imperialism leads to ... of colonized societies.

Back 241

modernization

Front 242

... crippled agriculture in Asia in the last quarter of the 19th century, causing millions to die of starvation and disease

Back 242

Bad weather (El Niño)

Front 243

Solidifying British rule in India:
Just as the Tokugawa did in Japan, the British tried to solidify the social order by

Back 243

identifying castes.

Front 244

Solidifying British rule:
The British also divided Indians by treating different ... groups differently.

Back 244

religious

Front 245

Solidifying British rule:
The rise of two written languages in northern India, ... reinforced religious divisions.

Back 245

Hindi and Urdu

Front 246

British colonies:
the ...kob falls under British control

Back 246

kingdom of Burma

Front 247

British colonies:
...sm also become part of the
British empire.

Back 247

Singapore and Malaya

Front 248

British colonies:
...sm also become part of the
British empire.

Back 248

Singapore and Malaya

Front 249

British colonies:
Britain tries to gain hegemony in ... but fails to pry it completely loose from the Manchu colonial grasp.

Back 249

Tibet

Front 250

The French in Southeast
Asia:
The ... of Indochina

Back 250

creation

Front 251

The French in Southeast
Asia:
Cambodia is seized and the ... are forced to relinquish claims to it.

Back 251

Thais

Front 252

The French in Southeast
Asia:
The principalities of ... also fall under French control and form a colony called ....

Back 252

Laos; Laos

Front 253

The Dutch slowly seize control of more and more of the “...” and place both the people and the land under their control

Back 253

Netherlands East Indies

Front 254

The Americans replace the ... as the imperial overlords of the Philippines--the US President says the US should “Christianize” the Filipinos.

Back 254

Spanish

Front 255

Impact of colonial rule:
1) Increase of commercialization of
2) New ... created where there was none before
3) increasing ethnic

Back 255

1) agriculture
2) nations
3) diversity

Front 256

Siam (Thailand) remains free from colonial rule by playing

Back 256

the French and the British off against each other.

Front 257

Japan remains free of colonial rule by 2

Back 257

modernizing very
quickly, and then building its own colonial empire.

Front 258

Qing China remained free of direct colonial rule because

Back 258

there were many ppl to fight over it

Front 259

Nationalism is a commitment to the political entity known as the ...

Back 259

nation-state.

Front 260

Nationalism is not ...--it must be ...,

Back 260

natural; taught

Front 261

The Canton system --Foreigners confined to ...

Back 261

Guangzhou

Front 262

The ... War (1839-1942)

Back 262

Opium

Front 263

Why was China unable to resist the West? T... weakness, unprepared for an attack from ..., could not mobilize ... against the West.

Back 263

technological; that direction; all its resources

Front 264

The ... War of 1856-1860

Back 264

Arrow

Front 265

The ... rebellion (1850-1864)

Back 265

Taiping

Front 266

The ... Rebellion (1853-1873)

Back 266

Nien

Front 267

Two ... rebellions,

Back 267

Muslim

Front 268

Why do peasants rebel?

Back 268

For survival

Front 269

The Qing responded to the challenge of the West with “...,” an attempt to implant the latest Western technology, both military and industrial, in China.

Back 269

Self-strengthening

Front 270

Self-strengthening failed because the Manchu, as an ..., could not promote nationalism, and because Confucianism placed ... rather than engineers and merchants in charge.

Back 270

ethnic minority; scholars

Front 271

Could not overcome the contradiction between ... values.

Back 271

Confucian and Western

Front 272

Japan underwent a “...” in 1868 that put Japan under the control of a young leadership dedicated to building a strong and prosperous Japan.

Back 272

Meiji Restoration

Front 273

What did the Meiji government do?:
Ended ..., creating a unified constitutional monarchy (emperor restored)

Back 273

feudalism

Front 274

What did the Meiji government do?:
ended ... privileges and implemented universal ...

Back 274

samurai; conscription

Front 275

What did the Meiji government do?:
imposed a national ... tax.

Back 275

land

Front 276

What did the Meiji government do?:
Created Japanese

Back 276

nationalism.

Front 277

Japanese imperialism:
... in the north and the ... in the south became part of Japan proper.

Back 277

Hokkaido; Ryūkyūs

Front 278

Japanese imperialism:
Japan began flexing its muscles in ... and then, in 1884-94, fought a war with ... over it. Japan won and got, as its prize, the new colony of ...

Back 278

Korea; China; Taiwan

Front 279

Victory over ... in 1904-05 gave Japan ...

Back 279

Russia; Korea

Front 280

Rivalry among the ... prepared Japan for the competitive environment of the modern world.

Back 280

han

Front 281

Modern imperialism was ..., in that it was concerned primarily for the financial benefit of the imperial power

Back 281

predatory

Front 282

colonizers found they had to promote the ... and ... of those they colonized in order to exploit them more efficiently.

Back 282

health; education

Front 283

Key figures in the Meiji Restoration:
Saigo Takamori

Back 283

The Last Sumurai

Front 284

Key figures in the Meiji Restoration:
Yamagta ...

Back 284

Aritomo

Front 285

Key figures in the Meiji Restoration:
Ito ...

Back 285

Hirobumi

Front 286

China disintegrates:
Defeat in the First ... War (1894-95)

Back 286

Sino-Japanese

Front 287

100 ... in 1898 failed to change China.

Back 287

days of reform

Front 288

The ... Rebellion, 1900

Back 288

Boxer

Front 289

early Chinese nationalists:
tried to redefine Confucianism to make it compatible with the modern world.

Back 289

Kang Youwei

Front 290

early Chinese nationalists:
Belief in Social Darwinism led him to abandon Confucianism

Back 290

Liang Qichao

Front 291

Ignored Confucianism. Promoted his Three People’s Principles instead.

Back 291

Sun Yat-sen

Front 292

Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles: 3

Back 292

1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. "People's Livelihood"

Front 293

the Republic of China, highjacked by militarists:
... seizes control. He is followed by ...: 1916-1927; after that is

Back 293

Yuan Shikai; warlords; Guomindang

Front 294

Before the fall of the Qing, it loses traditional ...(Okinawa and Korea to ..., Vietnam to ...).

Back 294

tributary states; Japan; France

Front 295

After the fall of the Qing, Mongolia ..., then becomes the first

Back 295

gains its independence; Soviet satellite

Front 296

Tibet also moves toward self-government under

Back 296

the Dalai Lama.

Front 297

The Boxer Rebellion:
More an ... rebellion than a nationalistic movement.

Back 297

ethnocentric

Front 298

The Boxer Rebellion:
was supported by the Empress Dowager but not by much of the ...

Back 298

Chinese military

Front 299

The Indian National Congress was founded by a Brit in 1885. Became a

Back 299

nationalist organization

Front 300

Stimulants to Indian nationalism:
Anger over ... deaths

Back 300

famine

Front 301

Stimulants to Indian nationalism:
growing social isolation of British (after their
...)

Back 301

wives joined them

Front 302

Stimulants to Indian nationalism:
growing gap between ...

Back 302

rich and poor

Front 303

Stimulants to Indian nationalism:
Indian military participation in

Back 303

World War I

Front 304

Stimulants to Indian nationalism:
The ... of 1919

Back 304

Amritsar massacre

Front 305

British-educated but used traditional symbols to rouse the masses. Created a non-violent protest movement

Back 305

Gandhi

Front 306

British-educated socialist. For him, non-violence was only a tactic.

Back 306

Nehru

Front 307

British-educated Muslim. He was concerned that Muslims would be dominated by Hindus in an independent India. Eventually he called for a separate Muslim state.

Back 307

Jinnah

Front 308

The British took over ... from the Dutch in 1801, making it Britain’s first crown colony.

Back 308

Ceylon

Front 309

Buddhist nationalism in Ceylon:
Buddhists responded to the British challenge to the traditional way of life by a) identifying Buddhism with ...and b) reforming Buddhism to ... (looking more like Protestant Christianity).

Back 309

a) Sinhalese national identity
b) make it more modern

Front 310

In 1919, in imitation of the Indian example, a Congress Party was founded in Ceylon. It included both

Back 310

Sinhalese and Tamils

Front 311

Ceylon moves toward independence:
... in 1932, including women (first in Asia).

Back 311

Universal suffrage

Front 312

Ceylon ... gained in 1948.

Back 312

independence

Front 313

First, China had to abandon its culturalism, which the elite began to do with the ..., when it began to reject Confucianism.

Back 313

May 4, 1919, movement

Front 314

The choices China faced were similar to the choices many other Asian countries faced in the 20th century: 2

Back 314

Fascism or Communism

Front 315

China’s ... War:
1945-1949

Back 315

Civil

Front 316

... is usually called “reactionary”

Back 316

Fascism

Front 317

Communism is usually called “...”

Back 317

revolutionary

Front 318

Democracy and socialism are usually called ... paths to political, social, and economic change.

Back 318

evolutionary

Front 319

Note: Fascism denies .... Communism
says they are real, but ...

Back 319

conflicts of interest are real; tries to eliminate them.

Front 320

Democracy recognizes that conflicts of interest are real, and tries to find ...

Back 320

a peaceful way to reconcile them

Front 321

Barrington Moore, in his Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, argues that ... determines whether it will be fascist, communist, or democratic

Back 321

how a government extracts the surplus necessary for industrialization

Front 322

fascism-- relies on ... to extract surplus from the ...

Back 322

landlords; peasants

Front 323

communism --extracts surplus directly from the people, because ...

Back 323

landlords have been weakened or eliminated

Front 324

the Philippines:
The ... had its roots in a 19th century movement for equality for native-born clergy. Three priests executed in 1872 are considered the first martyrs for Filipino ...

Back 324

independence movement; independence

Front 325

At first, Filipino meant a .... Later it came to mean the local people.

Back 325

Spaniard born in the Philippines

Front 326

The first Filipino ... (ilustrados--enlightened ones) were often at least partially of Chinese or Spanish descent.

Back 326

nationalists

Front 327

Philippine Rebellion against the Spanish in 1898 led to the ...takeover in 1900,
and an alliance between ...and a few ilustrados.

Back 327

US ;the US

Front 328

Under US control, the Philippines became the first colony to
promote mass .

Back 328

education

Front 329

The Dutch began allowing a few of the local Indonesian people to obtain a modern education. It is out of that educated elite that the first ... appeared.

Back 329

nationalists

Front 330

In the last decades of colonial rule, a Muslim League and an Indonesian Communist Party appeared, but the lead in the nationalist movement was taken by Sukarno’s ....

Back 330

Indonesian Nationalist Party

Front 331

There was no one country called Malaya before ...

Back 331

the British began constructing it

Front 332

The Malays began emphasizing their religion (...) and their purported local roots to distinguish themselves from the Chinese and the South Asians, and to claim that ...

Back 332

Islam; Malaysia is their country

Front 333

Until 1937, the British treated Burma as a province of ... rather than as a separate colony

Back 333

India

Front 334

For the Burmese, just as with the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka,
... became a vehicle for asserting a distinctive
national identity.

Back 334

Buddhism

Front 335

Burmese nationalism also manifested itself through anti-
... riots in the 1930s

Back 335

Indian

Front 336

Siam (Thailand) was not a colony, but ... arose anyway.

Back 336

nationalism

Front 337

Thailand was able to escape from the restrictions of unequal treaties after

Back 337

World War I

Front 338

The modernizing Thai government used ... to unify the
country, creating a national ... hierarchy.

Back 338

Buddhism; Buddhist

Front 339

The military seized control of the country in 1932 and created a
constitutional monarchy. Why did the army do that? Often in a
modernizing society, the military is the best 1, best
2, most modern, and most 3 institution.

Back 339

1. organized
2. equipped
3. nationalistic

Front 340

Indochina:
Five separate administrative regions under overall 1 colonial rule: Cochinchina (south), Annam (central), Tonkin (north), Cambodia, and Laos.

Back 340

1. French

Front 341

Indochina:
The French showed little concern for 1
or 2.

Back 341

1. mass education
2. industrialization

Front 342

Vietnamese nationalists formed a Vietnamese Nationalist Party modeled after the ... in China. It was crushed when it rose up in
revolt in 1930.

Back 342

Guomindang
(KMT)

Front 343

After the Vietnamese Nat'st Party was crushed, a new nationalist party arose: the 1, led by 2.

Back 343

1. Indochinese Communist Party
2. Ho Chi Ming

Front 344

Under the Meiji constitution that governed Japan from 1890 to
1945, Japan had an elected parliament (called the ...).

Back 344

Diet

Front 345

Japan had a constitution by the 1889, but it was not a democratic constitution--the government was not ...

Back 345

legally accountable to the people

Front 346

Japan experimented with majority party rule between 1918 and
1932, but then .

Back 346

abandoned it

Front 347

In the 1930s Japan also denied any real
internal conflicts of interest--in other words, it looked ....

Back 347

fascist

Front 348

War with China: starting with the seizure of
... in 1931-32

Back 348

Manchuria

Front 349

1 incident in 1937 led to all-out
fighting, including the Nanking massacre

Back 349

1. Marco Polo Bridge

Front 350

Japanese: Dec. 7, 1941

Back 350

Attack on the US at Pearl Harbor-

Front 351

Japan seizes the ... in early 1942,

Back 351

Philippines

Front 352

Japan grabs m..and..s in January and February, 1942

Back 352

Malaya and Singapore

Front 353

Japan 1942, kicks the Dutch out of ...

Back 353

Indonesia

Front 354

Japanese Attacks on India are

Back 354

unsuccessful

Front 355

Western colonialism unravels, as the West

Back 355

is shown to
be vulnerable.

Front 356

Japanese cruelty sparked wide-spread resentment--and
.

Back 356

nationalism

Front 357

Communists often took the lead in the resistance, since
they were better at

Back 357

guerrilla warfare.

Front 358

in 1945, Japan

Back 358

is defeated

Front 359

Aug 6, 1945 Japan

Back 359

Hiroshima

Front 360

Aug 9, 1945 Japan

Back 360

Nagasaki

Front 361

The Japanese bombings were the first and only

Back 361

use of an atom bomb in war

Front 362

The MacArthur constitution gives Japan 1
government, equality for 2, freedom of 3 and
press, freedom for 4 to organize.

Back 362

1. parliamentary
2. women
3. speech
4. workers

Front 363

The MacArthur constitution outlaws ... for Japan.

Back 363

war

Front 364

what was conquered by the US in a bloody battle in spring, 1945

Back 364

Okinawa

Front 365

Okinawa: Still has more US ...than all of the rest of Japan

Back 365

military personnel

Front 366

The ... took a more active role in the anti-Japanese struggle in China.

Back 366

Communist Party

Front 367

thought like a Confucian--he believed that
selfishness was the root of all evil, and that a selfless
person could accomplish anything. Technical
expertise was not necessary.

Back 367

Mao

Front 368

set China’s economic
development back for a few years. The Cultural
Revolution set it back for more than a decade.

Back 368

The Great Leap Forward

Front 369

In the ..., Mao attacked the leaders
of his own Communist Party as well as the educated
elite of the country

Back 369

Cultural Revolution

Front 370

economic liberalization combined with political
authoritarianism.

Back 370

Deng Xiaoping:

Front 371

In the spring of 1989, students and others began
demanding that the party be more accountable to the
people. They occupied ... to press their
demands. The government reaction was a bloody
crackdown on June 4 in which the People’s Liberation
Army attacked unarmed crowds.

Back 371

Tiananmen Square

Front 372

China: 1950--China seizes ...

Back 372

Tibet

Front 373

China: 1950-53 China participates in ...,
supporting North Korea

Back 373

the Korean War

Front 374

China: 1962--a brief border war with ...

Back 374

India

Front 375

China: 1969--clashes along the border with the

Back 375

USSR (Russia)

Front 376

China: 1979 -invades ... but is forced to retreat.

Back 376

Vietnam

Front 377

China: Recovers ...(1997) and ...(1999)

Back 377

Hong Kong; Macao

Front 378

1 was under Japanese rule from 1895 to 1945, during which time it began modernizing, and they began seeing themselves as different from other Chinese.

Back 378

1. Taiwan

Front 379

Taiwan was incorporated into ...’s Republic of China in 1945. Was never a part of the People’s Republic of China

Back 379

Chiang Kai-shek

Front 380

Taiwan resisted, but was forced under the

Back 380

Kmt

Front 381

Both Taiwan and Korea modernized under ...
rule:

Back 381

Japanese

Front 382

... nationalism emerged under Japanese rule;

Back 382

Korean

Front 383

Korea had been one country for over 1,000 years. Even the Japanese didn’t split it. But the 1 and the 2 did that in 1945

Back 383

1. US
2. USSR

Front 384

... (South Korea) formed in 1948, under
President

Back 384

Republic of Korea; Syngman Rhee

Front 385

June 25, 1950, ... (North Korea) invades the south, starting the three-year
Korean War.

Back 385

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Front 386

1 overthrown in 1960. After a brief period of democracy, General 2 seizes power in 1961.
Under his leadership, Korea begins to industrialize (using the
Japanese model for state-led growth).

Back 386

1. Rhee
2. Park Chung Hee

Front 387

1972 Park throws out the old constitution, creates
“Koreanized democracy” that makes him ...

Back 387

president for life.

Front 388

1979 Park is ...by the head of his own
secret police

Back 388

assassinated

Front 389

1979-80 General ... seizes control of the government in a coup in two parts. First, he
attacks his own army headquarters

Back 389

Chun Doo Hwan

Front 390

May 18, 1980 Chun launches an attack on the city of Kwangju. At least 1,000 are killed. Chun then becomes ...

Back 390

president

Front 391

Popular demonstrations in Seoul in 1987 forced the
government to allow .... Chun’s
comrade-in-arms win.

Back 391

elections for president

Front 392

1992 Kim Young Sam, a former pro-democracy leader, joins
Chun’s party, wins the

Back 392

presidency,

Front 393

1997 ..., a man both Park and Chun had tried to
kill, is elected president.

Back 393

Kim Dae-jung

Front 394

...a former anti-Japanese
resistance fighter, ruled the north from 1948 until 1994.

Back 394

Kim Il Sung

Front 395

Kim Il Sung's son ... has replaced him.

Back 395

Kim Jung Il

Front 396

The official ruling ideology in North Korea is not Communism
but

Back 396

Kim Il Sungism

Front 397

Indira Gandhi ruled

Back 397

India

Front 398

where? widow of first prime minister became
prime minister herself (the first in the world) and then
later her daughter became the president.

Back 398

Sri Lanka

Front 399

Where? Benazir Bhutto was prime minister twice,
and almost a third time

Back 399

Pakistan

Front 400

the widow of one ruler and the
daughter of another alternated as prime minster
between 1991 and 2009.

Back 400

Bangladesh

Front 401

Pakistan's founder

Back 401

Jinnah

Front 402

There were a lot of what of political leaders in Pakistan

Back 402

assassinations

Front 403

Myanmar now under

Back 403

military rule

Front 404

Chinese and non-Chinese: Indonesia and Malaysia
sites of

Back 404

greatest tension

Front 405

the Philippines, East Timor clashing groups

Back 405

Muslim-Christian

Front 406

Myanmar, Vietnam fighting btwn:

Back 406

Lowlander-highlander

Front 407

imposed strong-handed rule on the Philippines from 1972 to 1986. Was overthrown by
“People Power.”

Back 407

Marcos

Front 408

In 1962 the Burmese military seized control and
established “....” Have killed
hundreds whenever pro-democracy protests
erupted.

Back 408

Burmese socialism

Front 409

Democracy movement led by Aung San’s daughter,
.... She won annulled 1990 election

Back 409

Suu Kyi

Front 410

Thailand: Last ... was in 2006. There was an election, in
2007, which ... won.

Back 410

coup; civilians

Front 411

Indonesia:
1949-1965 Sukarno-rule with support of

Back 411

Communist Party.

Front 412

Indonesia:
1965 Attempted ... led to an anti-
Communist bloodbath

Back 412

coup

Front 413

Indonesia
1965-1998 Suharta’s ... stimulates economic growth.

Back 413

right-wing dictatorship

Front 414

Indonesia:
1998-present. Stumbling steps toward ...

Back 414

democracy

Front 415

Malaysia:
Communist (primarily Chinese) rebellion slowed
progress toward ...

Back 415

independence

Front 416

Malaysia:
Ruling party is a coalition of Malay, Chinese, and
Indian parties. ... dominate

Back 416

Malays

Front 417

Singapore:
Communal tensions with ... led to Singapore separating from ... in 1965.

Back 417

Malays; Malaysia

Front 418

Singapore:
Under leadership of ..., Singapore
became a trading and financial centre, making it
very wealthy

Back 418

Lee Kuan Yew

Front 419

Singapore:
There are elections, but the ... always
wins

Back 419

ruling party

Front 420

Indonesia: everyone is required to believe in ... Most are ...

Back 420

one God; Muslims

Front 421

Malaysia: Malays are supposed to be ...

Back 421

Muslims

Front 422

Thailand: to be a real Thai, you should be ...
Burmese also.

Back 422

Buddhist

Front 423

Chinese maintain a separate cultural identity by
frequenting .

Back 423

Chinese temples

Front 424

War
with the ... ended in 1954 with the division of Vietnam into a Communist north and an anti-Communist (but not democratic)
south.

Back 424

French

Front 425

Vietnam is united under a
... government in 1975.

Back 425

Communist

Front 426

1945-75 War in

Back 426

Vietnam

Front 427

1947 Partition of

Back 427

India

Front 428

1950-53 ... War

Back 428

Korean

Front 429

1965 Massacre in

Back 429

Indonesia

Front 430

1966-76 Cultural Revolution in

Back 430

China

Front 431

1971 ... splits from Pakistan

Back 431

Bangladesh

Front 432

1975-78 Killing fields in

Back 432

Cambodia

Front 433

1977-2009 civil war in

Back 433

Sri Lanka

Front 434

richest, best-educated country in South Asia but
has had to endure violence between Sinhalese and Tamils
for over 30 years (rival ethnic nationalisms with religious
overtones).

Back 434

Sri Lanka

Front 435

off-and-on again democracy with little economic growth. Product of Muslim nationalism

Back 435

Pakistan

Front 436

like Pakistan, off-and-on again democracy
Even poorer than Pakistan.Product of Bengali nationalism

Back 436

Bangladesh

Front 437

was (and still is) caught in the middle, claimed by
India because its ruler in 1947 was Hindu but also claimed
by Pakistan because the majority of the population is
Muslim.

Back 437

Kashmir

Front 438

..., Nehru’s daughter,

Back 438

Indira Gandhi

Front 439

indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 by .

Back 439

her Sikh bodyguards

Front 440

India: 1961--used military force to seize ..., which had been
Portuguese for almost 5 centuries.

Back 440

Goa

Front 441

India 1962 fought with China along India’s northeast border.
who won

Back 441

China

Front 442

India’s first .. test was in 1974.

Back 442

nuclear