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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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After the Opium War, China tried to
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Ignore that it had happened
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and it kept
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refusing to deal with foreigners as equals
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An undeclared war in 1856 started in China due to the impatience of (2)
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French and US
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in 1841, who ceded outright?
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Hong Kong
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The Qing ignored the West because
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it was dealing with other rebellions at the time
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but really, the Qing
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should have put domestic concertns first
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Because the treaty ports were only a small area, the American:
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influence was small over the country as a whole
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Sir Henry Pottinger was the Chief British negotiator at the
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Treaty of Nanjing
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Why did the goal to make money in China remain elusive?
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China supplied for its own needs
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In 1917, which two ideals became popular?
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Marxism and Leninism
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Why was China so slow to modernize?
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it was just too big
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Around the same time, most scholars were
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still schooled in the Confucian classics
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Zeng Guofan supervised the final suppression of the
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Taipings
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They chased the rebels out of
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Hunan
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Ward organized volunteers to protect what from rebels?
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Shanghai
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in 1862, when he was killed, he was replaced by
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Charles Gordon
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Otherwise known as
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"Chinese Gordon"
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In
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the West
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Li Hongzhang gave Gordon
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Chinese military rank
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Li Hongzhang was now WHAT in Jiangsu Province
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governor
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The outcome of Gordon's contribution:
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temporary victory
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The foreigners saw that their best interest would be in
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keeping the Qing in power
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Tongzhi was
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a boy emperor
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whose mother
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was Cixi
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The boy's regent
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Prince Kong
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Prince Kong and Tonzhi oversaw
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the execution fo rival antiforeign princes
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Which was the beginning of the
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"self-strengthening" mov't
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The new emperor's reign 1862-1875 was called
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the Tongzhi Restoration
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Unlike Meiji Japan, China
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was still too conservative
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The Qing hated
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anything foreign
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in 1875, Cixi may have
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Killed Tongzhi
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in 1884, Cixi removed
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Prince Kong from office
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Li and many others took
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too many industrial profits for themselves
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Railway building was often slowed due to
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local resistance
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In Shanghaik the resistance to railroads was so strong
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that it had to be torn up
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Chinese students sent to Conneticut were later
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treated with suspicion
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Li Hongzhang's political view
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conservative
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Why did he have to be cautious about any modernizing?
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Cixi
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Zhang Zhidong believed that Chinese ways should be the fundamentals, and Western ways as
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tools
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When Li tried to build a new fleet
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Cixi used the money for a new summer palace
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Chinese lost to Japan in a naval battle because
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they had no modern naval tactics
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and many of their shells
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were filled with sand
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The thing that kept China safe from further colonialism
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too many people were fighting over it
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and
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they weren't willing to share
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The Guomindang gov't was
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Nationalist
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The Russians began building railroads and mines in
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Manchuria
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After the Russo-Japanese war,
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The Japanese took over this task
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Idea that quickly became popular with merchants
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insurance
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The emperor tried to remake the entire system of education, economy, and gov't in the
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Hundred Days of Reform
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Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
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prompted him to do it
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People's reaction:
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There was violent opposition
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Cixi even
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engineered a coup
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She did what to the emperor
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seized him and forced him into seclusion
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Kang and Liang
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escaped to Japan
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Six other reformers were
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executed
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Cixi allegedly assured that the emperor
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died one day before she did
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Puyi was
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her nephew
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He took over at the age of
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3
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in 1912, the
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dynasty finally ended
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in 1905, the
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examinations were abolished
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Cixi prohibited
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footbinding
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Who was more successful at stopping it, her or the Qing
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her
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by 1913, the gov't promised they'd have a
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parliament
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Most Chinese were not ready for
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radical changes
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Cixi didn't realize that reform-minded Chinese saw
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the Manchus as foreigners
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Revolution came from the
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bottom up
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modern nat'm was hard pressed to
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extend beyond the intellectual elite
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in 1911, what collapsed
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the Qing Dynasty
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The leading organization was
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Guomindang
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also called the
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nationalist party
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it was led by
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Sun Yat-Sen
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Sun was born a
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peasant
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Sun Yat-Sen spent most of his teenage years in
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Hawaii
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Sun Yat-Sen finished his degree in what
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medicine
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he first founded what?
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a secret society to overthrow the Manchus
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He got support from
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Oversease Chinese
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Fled to first
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Japan
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Mounting peasant poverty led to
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rice riots
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The Revolution of 1911 was fought by
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students and soldiers
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who won
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the rebels
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Reformers offered the overseas Chinese: 2
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titles and gov't positions
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in 1912,
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Sun Yat-Sen became president
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One of the reasons Sun Yat-Sen could not relate to China
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He had barely lived there
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Song Qingling was
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Sun Yat-Sen's wife
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He stepped down in favor of
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Yuan Shikai
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Yuan Shikai was a
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Qing military man
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When the new Guomindang won nat'l election in 1913, Yuan Shikai:
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had the leading organizer assassinated
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Sun then fled
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to Japan
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in 1915, Yuan Shikai declared
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himself president for life
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He died before
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he could declare himself emperor
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after that was
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the warlords
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What realy began to spark Chinese nationalism was: 2
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imperialist mov'ts and the protests against them
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China's reaction to the 21 demands
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protest
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Yuan Shikai
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agreed with the demands though
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in 1917, China joined which side?
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The allies
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the Versailles peace conference
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did not include China
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but did
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Japan
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the warlord gov't in Beijing had signed secret agreements with
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Japan
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mass demonstrations started called
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the May Fourth Mov't
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in the year
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1919
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One of the things the people did
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boycott Japanese goods
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They refused to sign
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the Versailles Treaty
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What values fell away?
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Confucian
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Lu Xun was
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the greatest of modern Chinese writers
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Lu Xun believed the old virtues were
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just a mask for brutality
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Lu Xun's character Ah Q was a
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personification of everything wrong with China
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Lu Xun saw China as its
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own worst enemy
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After May 4th, the Beijing University became
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The center of the mov't
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At the same time, India was
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booming economically
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India was angry that
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they were paying for a lot of things that Britain should be paying for
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Society was
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Very divided btwn rich and poor
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How did the rich Indians feel about Westernization?
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They were fine with it
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Peasant villages were
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untouched by the Westernization
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Many peasants near the railway lines
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began commercial farming
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The first worker's strike against the British was over indigo, called
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"the Blue Mutiny"
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The government ended up
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supporting the workers demands
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Were the Indians better off after colonial rule?
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Yes, mostly
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The main problem in India was
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being unable to keep up with the population growth
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Were they better off than the Chinese after colonialism?
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For sure
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Railways reduced
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famine deaths
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The Pacific War in 1941 marked the
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end of colonialism
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The main problem with the colonial gov't
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it didn't do much for poverty
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70 to 80 percent of Indians remain
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rural peasants
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Similar to
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China
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Indians were mad because they could not
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have real politically powerful positions
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Banerjea beat most people in the
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Indian Civil Service exams
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But Banerjea
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He was still barred from the ICS
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Banerjea therefore organized
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a nationalist association
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Trying to match
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Ranade's
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Ranade was another
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Indian intellectual who was descriminated against despite his knowledge
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Ranade claimed that Brit rule of India didn't
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follow their tradition of democracy and justice
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Ranade's people tried using
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reform over violence
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Ranade concerning women:
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pro-women's rights
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Ranade concerning caste:
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attacked it
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Banerjea's type of nat'm
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Cultural nationalism
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because he wanted to highlight
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Hindu tradition
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These mov'ts ignored
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the Muslim population
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which was about
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a fifth of the population
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1885, what was founded
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Indian National Congress
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It supported the
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British
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but wanted for Indians
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to have a bigger role in the gov't
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The British's reaction to the congress
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ignored it
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by 1895, in the ICS, who were capable of being elected
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new nat'sts
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George Curzon's attitude
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Arrogant
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he served as
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viceroy
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in 1905, George Curzon tried to partition
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Bengal
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because it was
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too large
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Bengalis believed George Curzon was just trying to
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weaken their nat'm by separating the Muslims and Hindus
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In response, Indians
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boycotted British goods
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The British responded with
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police repression
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But there was not a 25%
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drop in Brit imports to India
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The Muslims supported the British and founded the
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All-India Muslim League
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The more extreme mov'ts were
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suppressed
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in 1905, John Morley became
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viceroy
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John Morley gave Indians
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more political power
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In 1911, the partition of Bengal was
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rescinded
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How did Gandhi feel about WWI?
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he supported it
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as well as
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most other nat'sts
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The Indian army
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was greatly successful
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a
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British-educated Muslim
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Gokhale stressed
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reform
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Gandhi had first supported Indians in
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South Africa
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Gandhi discarded
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his Western clothing
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His ideas drew on
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Hinduism
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He received subsidy from
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"Overseas Indians"
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The difference between the overseas Indians and Chinese?
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The Indians planned to return home one day
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What part of the Brits' ideas did India draw on to support their nat'm
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the idea of justice
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General Dyer went to a supposed meeting to plan a revolt and
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opened fire on innocent peasants at a festival
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but Dyer didn't
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bother to find out the nature of the gathering before opening fire
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People were beginning to
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see the true face of colonialism
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The full-scale nat'st mov't that won India its independence was led by: 2
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Gandhi and Nehru
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