Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
305 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The new imperialism was the work of advanced...nations
|
Industrial-capitalist
|
|
The new imperialis was not the work of
|
mercantilist economies
|
|
British style economy required
|
Deliberate exploitation of the material and human resources of colonial areas
|
|
Britain's human/material exploitation led to
|
political control
|
|
through
|
colonial beurocracies
|
|
some scholars argue that imperialsm comes from the idea that all people are predisposed to aggression and dominance, called
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
Social Darwinism is based on
|
the survival of the fittest
|
|
the fittest and inferior often had
|
racist overtones
|
|
Other scholars argue that the drive for territorial control was
|
national pride and ambition
|
|
even some...were enthusiastic about colonial expansion
|
socialists
|
|
Economic rivalry between older industrial Western states led to
|
competition for colonies
|
|
One of the reasons for the competition was
|
There were tariffs in European markets
|
|
Westerners were particularly over-confident following the
|
industrial revolution
|
|
British textiles invaded
|
the Indian market
|
|
Industrial economies dev'd a taste for
|
Asian goods
|
|
The value of Asian goods was enhanced due to
|
Cheap labour made it profitable
|
|
capitalism suffered from
|
underconsumption
|
|
there was poor wealth distribution due to
|
overaccumulation by the rich
|
|
overseas areas were more
|
profitable to invest in
|
|
overall, large capitalists couldn't find
|
enough investment opportunities at home
|
|
Imperialistm, Lenin says, emerges from
|
the highest state of capitalism
|
|
imperialism would then cause
|
the breakdown of the capitalist system.
|
|
While some colonial possessions were profitable, the military and bureaucratic costs of occupation
|
almost always exceeded the finaincial return
|
|
Rudyard Kipling spoke of
|
White man's burden
|
|
This had to do with
|
the missionaries
|
|
this outlook viewed colonialism as
|
a sacred duty
|
|
Siam, China, and Japan had
|
unequal treaties forced on them
|
|
sati and child marriage were eliminated in
|
India
|
|
during the
|
Hindu Renaissance
|
|
chaste widowhood, and concubinage were ended in
|
China
|
|
as well as
|
footbinding
|
|
premarital promiscuity, class-based restrictions on clothing, and open pornography were eliminated in
|
Japan
|
|
Asia still saw itself as
|
more civilized
|
|
Who behaved like "little tin gods"?
|
Western colonialists
|
|
Industrialization took the longest to reach
|
SE asia
|
|
At least as important to technological change were the... and ...institutions from the 19th C west
|
commercial, industrial
|
|
such as .... and ...
|
banking, joint-stock companies
|
|
but these things helped to
|
destroy colonialism
|
|
India had fallen under the domination of
|
The English East India Company
|
|
and by 1857, most of India was
|
being administered as a unit
|
|
Indian Nat'm was caused by 1...2
|
it was politically united for the first time; the people were being treated like second-class citizens
|
|
1857 India
|
had a Rebellion
|
|
Many Indians still saw Engilsh control
|
as better than the alternatives
|
|
Especially better than
|
the restoration of the Mughals
|
|
After the Indian revolt,
|
The English East India Company was dissolved
|
|
and the gov't
|
of London became the official sovereign
|
|
The British winning caused
|
more arrogance and racism
|
|
Which destroyed the possibility
|
of a full partnership with India
|
|
Later in the 19th C, and into the 20th, many Indians joined the
|
colonial civil service
|
|
which gave them
|
responsible positions in all fields
|
|
Queen Victoria called herself this in 1877
|
"empress of India"
|
|
She is said to have done this for her Indian subjects
|
prayed nightly
|
|
The reaction:
|
she was revered there by millions
|
|
The British were careful not to displace any more of the remaining Indian rulers of the
|
"Princely States"
|
|
or to take over
|
any more territory
|
|
1947
|
Indian independence
|
|
The army was largely
|
Indian
|
|
An attractive career for Sikhs, Rajputs, Gurkhas, and other Indians:
|
Military service
|
|
1869, the opening of
|
the Suez Canal
|
|
this in India, and rail travel, and stream navigation led to
|
accelerated commercialization of the economy
|
|
The Suez Canal did what
|
Helped Britain maintain its lead
|
|
By the end of the C, India had the largest...in Asia
|
rail network
|
|
This allowed
|
British women to more easily visit their husbands.
|
|
This made
|
the British isolate themselves more from their Indian neighbors
|
|
quick-responding Indians helped to
|
industrialize India
|
|
in Bombay and Calcutta...
|
machine-made textiles
|
|
Railways sped up
|
agriculture
|
|
Especially in Punjab and the Indus Valley,
|
irrigation projects opened
|
|
By 1900, India had the world's largest
|
irrigation system
|
|
The largest city
|
Calcutta
|
|
Center of Indian textile manufacture
|
Bombay
|
|
Indians began to dominate areas like ..., ..., and ...
|
Law, medicine, education
|
|
by 1900, India had the world's fourth largest
|
textile industry
|
|
by 1920, India had Britain's largest
|
steel plant
|
|
Britain was the greatest power in the world from ... to ...
|
the mid-18th C; the early 20th C
|
|
Law in India was was mostly
|
English common law
|
|
Indian Civil Service was staffed by almost entirely Britons until
|
the 20th C
|
|
They were trained in
|
Indian affairs
|
|
ICS was referred to proudly as the
|
"steel framework"
|
|
Despite all of the imposed changes, Indians
|
were mostly poor and illiterate
|
|
sometimes there were even
|
famines
|
|
Tenancy and landlessness grew with the
|
commercialization of agriculture
|
|
From 1800 to 1947, the population
|
doubled
|
|
Brit achievement, reasonably complete by 1881:
|
modern census
|
|
Average living standards
|
did not improve
|
|
The army was funded
|
using Indian revenues
|
|
They took too much
|
from the peasants
|
|
the gov't was
|
broke
|
|
by the 1930s, India was mainly
|
run by Indians
|
|
The higher echelons of gov't:
|
still remained British
|
|
They ruled
|
from posh accomodations
|
|
the autumn "fishing fleet"
|
women sent to or from India to find husbands
|
|
British in India, after many generations:
|
Anglo-Indians
|
|
They lived in "civil lines" or "cantonments"...
|
Special areas outside of the Indian towns
|
|
Each household had
|
many Indian servants
|
|
Others who were also called Anglo-Indians:
|
descendants of British-Indian marriages
|
|
these were common in the ... and...
|
18 and 19th Cs
|
|
This kind of Anglo-Indian was
|
rejected by both groups
|
|
but
|
pretended to be British
|
|
In an effort to be normal, many
|
Became Christians
|
|
Many Indians believed that
|
India had invented religion
|
|
Mostly mission schools were
|
used just for the Western education they offered
|
|
After 1900, this won as India's capital city:
|
Delhi
|
|
Delhi controlled
|
trade routes
|
|
its placing was
|
defensible
|
|
because of when it was constructed, New Delhi:
|
is hard to drive around
|
|
Poor people lived in
|
Old Delhi
|
|
New Delhi was completed by
|
1930
|
|
Old Delhi is grouped around
|
the Red Fort
|
|
New Delhi and Old Delhi show the
|
two faces of contemporary India
|
|
India began to demand
|
a larger role in gov't
|
|
many Brits agreed because of the ideas of British... and ...
|
representative gov't; political freedom
|
|
would become the core of the independence mov't:
|
The Indian National Congress
|
|
it was founded by
|
an English man
|
|
in
|
1885
|
|
Ranade, Tilak, Gokhale, Motilal Nehru (Jawaharlal Nehru's father) made appeals
|
for cultural pride and nat'm
|
|
Jawaharlal Nehru was India's
|
first prime minister
|
|
The above political leaders were
|
almost as culturally British as Indian
|
|
in 1878, the British put
|
A British puppet on the throne in Afghanistan
|
|
because
|
they were paranoid about Russia
|
|
the puppet was
|
murdered
|
|
the British finally withdrew in
|
1880
|
|
The "Great Game" was about
|
Britain and Russia fighting over Asian support
|
|
Who won
|
Russia
|
|
in part this was due
|
to the British mistake with Afghanistan
|
|
what was still unaddressed
|
poverty in India
|
|
political weapon used by the Inian nat'sts btwn 1904 and 1908
|
Boycotts of British imports
|
|
as a result the Brits
|
jailed political leaders
|
|
In 1883, it was agreed that Indian judges could
|
preside over cases involving Europeans
|
|
In WWI,
|
over 1 mil Indian troops served the Allies
|
|
They hoped this would
|
give them the right to self-gov't
|
|
When this didn't happen
|
civil disobedience mov'ts started
|
|
Some led by
|
Mahatma Gandhi
|
|
These movements were
|
met by gov't repression
|
|
in 1919, Indian troops unrer British command were called to stop a riot and
|
massacred an unarmed crowd
|
|
After that Indians
|
wanted full independence
|
|
London kept declaring
|
that it was going to give India its independence
|
|
In SE Asia, in the 17th C, the Brits were expulsed by
|
the Dutch
|
|
The Brits tried to found bases on the eges of Dutch power in
|
Malaya
|
|
1768, they made a
|
settlement in Malaya
|
|
in an attempt to get
|
Chinese traders to notice them
|
|
the effect:
|
it sort of worked
|
|
1819 they established a major SE Asian trade base in
|
Singapore
|
|
1795, they took ...from the Dutch
|
Melaka
|
|
1641, the Dutch had taken Malaka from
|
the Portuguese
|
|
What was the commercial center for all of SE Asia?
|
Sinapore
|
|
SE Asia was underdeveloped until the end of
|
the 19th C
|
|
Burma was expanding
|
westward
|
|
It sometimes made
|
difficulties for the Brits
|
|
from 1824 to 1826 they had
|
a war
|
|
This ended up giving the East India Company
|
rights in coastal areas of Burma
|
|
And stopped
|
Burmese expansion
|
|
The British had
|
another war with them and gained more commercial treaties
|
|
The new Burmese king wanted to
|
play the Brits and the French against each other
|
|
Finally Burma was administered
|
as a province of British India
|
|
It was made a separate colony in
|
1937
|
|
After the Brits took over Burma and Malaya
|
They becam commercialized
|
|
Who came into Malaya to work:
|
Many Chinese
|
|
many of these Chinese immigrants
|
became wealthy
|
|
Because of this
|
the Malays resented them
|
|
Who also came in
|
Indians
|
|
The locals had almost become
|
a minority
|
|
1895-formed this under Brit control
|
the Federated Malay States
|
|
By the 18th C, the French
|
Were largely eliminated from India.
|
|
used what as an excuse to conquer southern Vietnam?
|
the persecution of Catholic missionaries
|
|
the year they conquer it
|
1862
|
|
Took over the whole of Vietnam in
|
1885
|
|
The French colonial territories were called
|
Indochina
|
|
The French style of gov'ing was
|
brutal
|
|
Vietnam leaders
|
were exiled, killed, or jailed
|
|
The Dutch left most of Indonesia
|
to native rulers
|
|
until late in the
|
19th C
|
|
because they were content with
|
their colonial trade from Java
|
|
Borneo was what do the Dutch?
|
uninteresting
|
|
The northern coast of Borneo was divided between
|
British colonial admin and sultanates
|
|
The sultanates were run by
|
the Brooke family
|
|
The Dutch discluded Indonesians from
|
gov't
|
|
protesters were
|
jailed
|
|
Living standards in Java
|
declined
|
|
in 1898, the United States won ... from ...
|
the Philippines; Spain
|
|
they owned it for how many years?
|
43
|
|
They created
|
rapid change
|
|
its impact was
|
exploitative
|
|
They wanted to impose
|
their style of democracy
|
|
But the country was too
|
top-heavy
|
|
1946, the States
|
gave them their independence
|
|
Thailand, otherwise
|
Siam
|
|
their kings
|
paid off colonial powers to keep them out of the gov't
|
|
although they had to
|
give them special trade and legal priveleges
|
|
Who flooded into all areas of SE Asia
|
the Chinese
|
|
Where did they exceed half the population
|
Bangkik
|
|
In Vietnam they controlled the export of
|
rice
|
|
The one place the Chinese were easily assimilated
|
Siam
|
|
The Treaty of Nanjing ended
|
the Opium war
|
|
This favored
|
Britain
|
|
Five ports were open to British
|
trade and residence
|
|
This Opium War was from the years... to...
|
1839-1842
|
|
opium trade remained illegal until after
|
the Second Opium War
|
|
Foreign trade increased until
|
the 1930s
|
|
the 1930s was
|
the world depression
|
|
China continued to provide
|
for most of its own needs
|
|
But the "unequal treaties" reduced China to
|
semicolonial status
|
|
1858-1860
|
a second war
|
|
British and French troops burned
|
the imperial summer palace
|
|
The Treaty of Tianjin
|
ended the second war
|
|
it gave foreigners
|
free mov't in the country
|
|
It also unfortunately
|
legalized opium
|
|
The missionaries' need for protection led to
|
"gunboat diplomacy"
|
|
In 1870, a mob destroyed what in Tianjin?
|
A French Catholic mission
|
|
in 1883, the French wet to war with ... over ...
|
China...Vietnam
|
|
because China tried
|
to come in and push them out
|
|
Who won
|
The French
|
|
the greatst of all uprisings against the Qing gov't
|
The Taiping Rebellion
|
|
China's main internal problem
|
too big a population to feed
|
|
Hong Xiuquan was
|
the Taiping leader
|
|
He failed
|
many imperial exams
|
|
He thought he was
|
Jesus' younger brother
|
|
his group was
|
largely peasants
|
|
in 1853, his group was big enough to capture
|
Nanjing
|
|
The Taiping believed in
|
gender equality
|
|
40 million people died in
|
1864
|
|
the revolts were a disease of China's ... while the WEstern barbarians were an affliction of the...
|
vital organs; extremities
|
|
The Qing managed to suppress both the rebels and
|
the Russians
|
|
Qing self-strengthening involved
|
Western-style weaponry
|
|
1908, who died?
|
Cixi
|
|
by 1895, in the treaty ports, the Chinese found they were
|
treated like second-class citizens
|
|
Most of the Chinese Christians were there
|
for the handouts
|
|
they were called
|
"rice Christians"
|
|
Many of the revolutionaries the mission schools put out were
|
girls
|
|
in 1905, what was abolished?
|
the traditional examination system
|
|
Intellectual Chinese were reading
|
Western books
|
|
the nat'sts main bases were in
|
treaty ports
|
|
When Cixi sent the rebels against missionaries
|
The Boxer Rebellion
|
|
Boxer based on the name
|
"the fists of righteous harmony"
|
|
in response the foreigners
|
withdrew
|
|
in 1911, what happened
|
the Qing fell
|
|
What replaced tokugawa rule in 1868?
|
The Meiji Restoration
|
|
Meiji was the name of
|
the young emperor
|
|
Meiji and his successors stood for
|
nat'm
|
|
modernizing Japan would get rid of the
|
"unequal treaties"
|
|
They realize that they needed Western technology to
|
keep from becoming a colony
|
|
They argued, "If we use it,
|
that will make it Japanese"
|
|
gov't was modeled
|
on Western systems
|
|
1889 what was adopted
|
a constitution
|
|
its size
|
made it easy to integrate
|
|
between 1870 and 1940, what doubled
|
farm output
|
|
by the 1890s, Japan had a modern
|
navy
|
|
and
|
army
|
|
Japan took (2)
|
Taiwan and Korea
|
|
1904 they struck
|
Pearl harbour
|
|
in WWI Japan joined
|
The Allies
|
|
in 1951, Japan made how many demands of CHina?
|
21
|
|
Japan did to Korea
|
Drained it
|
|
Koreans were forced to use
|
Japanese names
|
|
and their language
|
was forbidden in public
|
|
Taiwan, Manchuria, and Korea
|
were just for Japanese use
|
|
Where was Japanese policy more constructive (2)
|
Taiwan and Manchuria
|
|
Why?
|
The Japanese had a great deal of Korean prejudice
|
|
How did Taiwan do under Japanese rule?
|
It had economic growth
|
|
Who else?
|
Manchuria
|
|
The people there were mostly
|
Chinese
|
|
Did Manchuria pay off for Japan?
|
no
|
|
who did it pay off for?
|
China
|
|
Why was Japan not respected as a colonial force
|
it didn't care for the local people it controlled
|
|
Ito Hirobumi was the
|
leading statesman of Meiji Japan
|
|
Ito Hirobumi was concerned about
|
foreign forces
|
|
At 21 Ito Hirobumi tried to burn
|
The British embassy in Tokyo
|
|
Ito Hirobumi realized when he went to Britain
|
how important it was to modernize Japan to keep it safe
|
|
In 1881 Ito Hirobumi became what
|
Japan's first prime minister
|
|
He liked the Prussian
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
1905 was the
|
Russo-Japanese War
|
|
Ito Hirobumi was the first Japanese
|
resident-general in Korea
|
|
in 1909, Ito Hirobumi was
|
assassinated
|
|
by a
|
Korean patriot
|
|
in
|
Manchuria
|
|
Ito Hirobumi's main objective
|
to preserve and develop Japan
|
|
Ito Hirobumi wanted to restore
|
the emperor's personal rule
|
|
Many Americans grew rich from
|
China
|
|
Many of them liked to sell
|
opium
|
|
It was hard to find Asian markets for
|
American goods
|
|
After 1900, most American trade with Asia was
|
the Philippines
|
|
Which country drew the most missionaries
|
China
|
|
The dominant foreign power in China
|
Britain
|
|
The British wanted to oppose new concessions and to press for an
|
"Open Door" for trade
|
|
Cynics said this was just a way
|
to exploit China
|
|
During the Warlords, in the 1920s, American missionaries helped with
|
famine relief
|
|
The Americans were mad because Chinese students
|
weren't grateful enough
|
|
The Americans didn't believe that this country was their business
|
India
|
|
Asians were most hurt by what, set against Chinese immigrants
|
the Oriental Exclusion Act
|
|
who was specifically excluded in 1908?
|
Japan
|
|
Asians flocked to America in 1849 for
|
the gold rush
|
|
by 1880, 8% of what was Chinese
|
California
|
|
1870-80s Many Asians were killed in
|
anti-Chinese riots
|
|
some American intellectuals
|
still studied and loved Asian culture
|
|
The Exclusion Acts hurt
|
Asia's pride
|
|
In responds the Exclusion Acts, many Chinese
|
boycotted American goods
|
|
Victorian wives expected their husbands not to
|
start second families
|
|
and this had an impact how?
|
Asian women wanted that
|
|
Christian women started promoting
|
women's lib in Asia
|
|
Almost all Asian women used to
|
weave cloth
|
|
but now
|
They were more cheaply and efficiently manufactured outside the home
|
|
many dropped their weaving
|
to go to work
|
|
In India, China, and Japan, women
|
got industrial jobs
|
|
although the ... adn ... was ...
|
pay; treatment; poor
|
|
most of the women's salaries went
|
to their fathers
|