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305 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The new imperialism was the work of advanced...nations
Industrial-capitalist
The new imperialis was not the work of
mercantilist economies
British style economy required
Deliberate exploitation of the material and human resources of colonial areas
Britain's human/material exploitation led to
political control
through
colonial beurocracies
some scholars argue that imperialsm comes from the idea that all people are predisposed to aggression and dominance, called
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is based on
the survival of the fittest
the fittest and inferior often had
racist overtones
Other scholars argue that the drive for territorial control was
national pride and ambition
even some...were enthusiastic about colonial expansion
socialists
Economic rivalry between older industrial Western states led to
competition for colonies
One of the reasons for the competition was
There were tariffs in European markets
Westerners were particularly over-confident following the
industrial revolution
British textiles invaded
the Indian market
Industrial economies dev'd a taste for
Asian goods
The value of Asian goods was enhanced due to
Cheap labour made it profitable
capitalism suffered from
underconsumption
there was poor wealth distribution due to
overaccumulation by the rich
overseas areas were more
profitable to invest in
overall, large capitalists couldn't find
enough investment opportunities at home
Imperialistm, Lenin says, emerges from
the highest state of capitalism
imperialism would then cause
the breakdown of the capitalist system.
While some colonial possessions were profitable, the military and bureaucratic costs of occupation
almost always exceeded the finaincial return
Rudyard Kipling spoke of
White man's burden
This had to do with
the missionaries
this outlook viewed colonialism as
a sacred duty
Siam, China, and Japan had
unequal treaties forced on them
sati and child marriage were eliminated in
India
during the
Hindu Renaissance
chaste widowhood, and concubinage were ended in
China
as well as
footbinding
premarital promiscuity, class-based restrictions on clothing, and open pornography were eliminated in
Japan
Asia still saw itself as
more civilized
Who behaved like "little tin gods"?
Western colonialists
Industrialization took the longest to reach
SE asia
At least as important to technological change were the... and ...institutions from the 19th C west
commercial, industrial
such as .... and ...
banking, joint-stock companies
but these things helped to
destroy colonialism
India had fallen under the domination of
The English East India Company
and by 1857, most of India was
being administered as a unit
Indian Nat'm was caused by 1...2
it was politically united for the first time; the people were being treated like second-class citizens
1857 India
had a Rebellion
Many Indians still saw Engilsh control
as better than the alternatives
Especially better than
the restoration of the Mughals
After the Indian revolt,
The English East India Company was dissolved
and the gov't
of London became the official sovereign
The British winning caused
more arrogance and racism
Which destroyed the possibility
of a full partnership with India
Later in the 19th C, and into the 20th, many Indians joined the
colonial civil service
which gave them
responsible positions in all fields
Queen Victoria called herself this in 1877
"empress of India"
She is said to have done this for her Indian subjects
prayed nightly
The reaction:
she was revered there by millions
The British were careful not to displace any more of the remaining Indian rulers of the
"Princely States"
or to take over
any more territory
1947
Indian independence
The army was largely
Indian
An attractive career for Sikhs, Rajputs, Gurkhas, and other Indians:
Military service
1869, the opening of
the Suez Canal
this in India, and rail travel, and stream navigation led to
accelerated commercialization of the economy
The Suez Canal did what
Helped Britain maintain its lead
By the end of the C, India had the largest...in Asia
rail network
This allowed
British women to more easily visit their husbands.
This made
the British isolate themselves more from their Indian neighbors
quick-responding Indians helped to
industrialize India
in Bombay and Calcutta...
machine-made textiles
Railways sped up
agriculture
Especially in Punjab and the Indus Valley,
irrigation projects opened
By 1900, India had the world's largest
irrigation system
The largest city
Calcutta
Center of Indian textile manufacture
Bombay
Indians began to dominate areas like ..., ..., and ...
Law, medicine, education
by 1900, India had the world's fourth largest
textile industry
by 1920, India had Britain's largest
steel plant
Britain was the greatest power in the world from ... to ...
the mid-18th C; the early 20th C
Law in India was was mostly
English common law
Indian Civil Service was staffed by almost entirely Britons until
the 20th C
They were trained in
Indian affairs
ICS was referred to proudly as the
"steel framework"
Despite all of the imposed changes, Indians
were mostly poor and illiterate
sometimes there were even
famines
Tenancy and landlessness grew with the
commercialization of agriculture
From 1800 to 1947, the population
doubled
Brit achievement, reasonably complete by 1881:
modern census
Average living standards
did not improve
The army was funded
using Indian revenues
They took too much
from the peasants
the gov't was
broke
by the 1930s, India was mainly
run by Indians
The higher echelons of gov't:
still remained British
They ruled
from posh accomodations
the autumn "fishing fleet"
women sent to or from India to find husbands
British in India, after many generations:
Anglo-Indians
They lived in "civil lines" or "cantonments"...
Special areas outside of the Indian towns
Each household had
many Indian servants
Others who were also called Anglo-Indians:
descendants of British-Indian marriages
these were common in the ... and...
18 and 19th Cs
This kind of Anglo-Indian was
rejected by both groups
but
pretended to be British
In an effort to be normal, many
Became Christians
Many Indians believed that
India had invented religion
Mostly mission schools were
used just for the Western education they offered
After 1900, this won as India's capital city:
Delhi
Delhi controlled
trade routes
its placing was
defensible
because of when it was constructed, New Delhi:
is hard to drive around
Poor people lived in
Old Delhi
New Delhi was completed by
1930
Old Delhi is grouped around
the Red Fort
New Delhi and Old Delhi show the
two faces of contemporary India
India began to demand
a larger role in gov't
many Brits agreed because of the ideas of British... and ...
representative gov't; political freedom
would become the core of the independence mov't:
The Indian National Congress
it was founded by
an English man
in
1885
Ranade, Tilak, Gokhale, Motilal Nehru (Jawaharlal Nehru's father) made appeals
for cultural pride and nat'm
Jawaharlal Nehru was India's
first prime minister
The above political leaders were
almost as culturally British as Indian
in 1878, the British put
A British puppet on the throne in Afghanistan
because
they were paranoid about Russia
the puppet was
murdered
the British finally withdrew in
1880
The "Great Game" was about
Britain and Russia fighting over Asian support
Who won
Russia
in part this was due
to the British mistake with Afghanistan
what was still unaddressed
poverty in India
political weapon used by the Inian nat'sts btwn 1904 and 1908
Boycotts of British imports
as a result the Brits
jailed political leaders
In 1883, it was agreed that Indian judges could
preside over cases involving Europeans
In WWI,
over 1 mil Indian troops served the Allies
They hoped this would
give them the right to self-gov't
When this didn't happen
civil disobedience mov'ts started
Some led by
Mahatma Gandhi
These movements were
met by gov't repression
in 1919, Indian troops unrer British command were called to stop a riot and
massacred an unarmed crowd
After that Indians
wanted full independence
London kept declaring
that it was going to give India its independence
In SE Asia, in the 17th C, the Brits were expulsed by
the Dutch
The Brits tried to found bases on the eges of Dutch power in
Malaya
1768, they made a
settlement in Malaya
in an attempt to get
Chinese traders to notice them
the effect:
it sort of worked
1819 they established a major SE Asian trade base in
Singapore
1795, they took ...from the Dutch
Melaka
1641, the Dutch had taken Malaka from
the Portuguese
What was the commercial center for all of SE Asia?
Sinapore
SE Asia was underdeveloped until the end of
the 19th C
Burma was expanding
westward
It sometimes made
difficulties for the Brits
from 1824 to 1826 they had
a war
This ended up giving the East India Company
rights in coastal areas of Burma
And stopped
Burmese expansion
The British had
another war with them and gained more commercial treaties
The new Burmese king wanted to
play the Brits and the French against each other
Finally Burma was administered
as a province of British India
It was made a separate colony in
1937
After the Brits took over Burma and Malaya
They becam commercialized
Who came into Malaya to work:
Many Chinese
many of these Chinese immigrants
became wealthy
Because of this
the Malays resented them
Who also came in
Indians
The locals had almost become
a minority
1895-formed this under Brit control
the Federated Malay States
By the 18th C, the French
Were largely eliminated from India.
used what as an excuse to conquer southern Vietnam?
the persecution of Catholic missionaries
the year they conquer it
1862
Took over the whole of Vietnam in
1885
The French colonial territories were called
Indochina
The French style of gov'ing was
brutal
Vietnam leaders
were exiled, killed, or jailed
The Dutch left most of Indonesia
to native rulers
until late in the
19th C
because they were content with
their colonial trade from Java
Borneo was what do the Dutch?
uninteresting
The northern coast of Borneo was divided between
British colonial admin and sultanates
The sultanates were run by
the Brooke family
The Dutch discluded Indonesians from
gov't
protesters were
jailed
Living standards in Java
declined
in 1898, the United States won ... from ...
the Philippines; Spain
they owned it for how many years?
43
They created
rapid change
its impact was
exploitative
They wanted to impose
their style of democracy
But the country was too
top-heavy
1946, the States
gave them their independence
Thailand, otherwise
Siam
their kings
paid off colonial powers to keep them out of the gov't
although they had to
give them special trade and legal priveleges
Who flooded into all areas of SE Asia
the Chinese
Where did they exceed half the population
Bangkik
In Vietnam they controlled the export of
rice
The one place the Chinese were easily assimilated
Siam
The Treaty of Nanjing ended
the Opium war
This favored
Britain
Five ports were open to British
trade and residence
This Opium War was from the years... to...
1839-1842
opium trade remained illegal until after
the Second Opium War
Foreign trade increased until
the 1930s
the 1930s was
the world depression
China continued to provide
for most of its own needs
But the "unequal treaties" reduced China to
semicolonial status
1858-1860
a second war
British and French troops burned
the imperial summer palace
The Treaty of Tianjin
ended the second war
it gave foreigners
free mov't in the country
It also unfortunately
legalized opium
The missionaries' need for protection led to
"gunboat diplomacy"
In 1870, a mob destroyed what in Tianjin?
A French Catholic mission
in 1883, the French wet to war with ... over ...
China...Vietnam
because China tried
to come in and push them out
Who won
The French
the greatst of all uprisings against the Qing gov't
The Taiping Rebellion
China's main internal problem
too big a population to feed
Hong Xiuquan was
the Taiping leader
He failed
many imperial exams
He thought he was
Jesus' younger brother
his group was
largely peasants
in 1853, his group was big enough to capture
Nanjing
The Taiping believed in
gender equality
40 million people died in
1864
the revolts were a disease of China's ... while the WEstern barbarians were an affliction of the...
vital organs; extremities
The Qing managed to suppress both the rebels and
the Russians
Qing self-strengthening involved
Western-style weaponry
1908, who died?
Cixi
by 1895, in the treaty ports, the Chinese found they were
treated like second-class citizens
Most of the Chinese Christians were there
for the handouts
they were called
"rice Christians"
Many of the revolutionaries the mission schools put out were
girls
in 1905, what was abolished?
the traditional examination system
Intellectual Chinese were reading
Western books
the nat'sts main bases were in
treaty ports
When Cixi sent the rebels against missionaries
The Boxer Rebellion
Boxer based on the name
"the fists of righteous harmony"
in response the foreigners
withdrew
in 1911, what happened
the Qing fell
What replaced tokugawa rule in 1868?
The Meiji Restoration
Meiji was the name of
the young emperor
Meiji and his successors stood for
nat'm
modernizing Japan would get rid of the
"unequal treaties"
They realize that they needed Western technology to
keep from becoming a colony
They argued, "If we use it,
that will make it Japanese"
gov't was modeled
on Western systems
1889 what was adopted
a constitution
its size
made it easy to integrate
between 1870 and 1940, what doubled
farm output
by the 1890s, Japan had a modern
navy
and
army
Japan took (2)
Taiwan and Korea
1904 they struck
Pearl harbour
in WWI Japan joined
The Allies
in 1951, Japan made how many demands of CHina?
21
Japan did to Korea
Drained it
Koreans were forced to use
Japanese names
and their language
was forbidden in public
Taiwan, Manchuria, and Korea
were just for Japanese use
Where was Japanese policy more constructive (2)
Taiwan and Manchuria
Why?
The Japanese had a great deal of Korean prejudice
How did Taiwan do under Japanese rule?
It had economic growth
Who else?
Manchuria
The people there were mostly
Chinese
Did Manchuria pay off for Japan?
no
who did it pay off for?
China
Why was Japan not respected as a colonial force
it didn't care for the local people it controlled
Ito Hirobumi was the
leading statesman of Meiji Japan
Ito Hirobumi was concerned about
foreign forces
At 21 Ito Hirobumi tried to burn
The British embassy in Tokyo
Ito Hirobumi realized when he went to Britain
how important it was to modernize Japan to keep it safe
In 1881 Ito Hirobumi became what
Japan's first prime minister
He liked the Prussian
constitutional monarchy
1905 was the
Russo-Japanese War
Ito Hirobumi was the first Japanese
resident-general in Korea
in 1909, Ito Hirobumi was
assassinated
by a
Korean patriot
in
Manchuria
Ito Hirobumi's main objective
to preserve and develop Japan
Ito Hirobumi wanted to restore
the emperor's personal rule
Many Americans grew rich from
China
Many of them liked to sell
opium
It was hard to find Asian markets for
American goods
After 1900, most American trade with Asia was
the Philippines
Which country drew the most missionaries
China
The dominant foreign power in China
Britain
The British wanted to oppose new concessions and to press for an
"Open Door" for trade
Cynics said this was just a way
to exploit China
During the Warlords, in the 1920s, American missionaries helped with
famine relief
The Americans were mad because Chinese students
weren't grateful enough
The Americans didn't believe that this country was their business
India
Asians were most hurt by what, set against Chinese immigrants
the Oriental Exclusion Act
who was specifically excluded in 1908?
Japan
Asians flocked to America in 1849 for
the gold rush
by 1880, 8% of what was Chinese
California
1870-80s Many Asians were killed in
anti-Chinese riots
some American intellectuals
still studied and loved Asian culture
The Exclusion Acts hurt
Asia's pride
In responds the Exclusion Acts, many Chinese
boycotted American goods
Victorian wives expected their husbands not to
start second families
and this had an impact how?
Asian women wanted that
Christian women started promoting
women's lib in Asia
Almost all Asian women used to
weave cloth
but now
They were more cheaply and efficiently manufactured outside the home
many dropped their weaving
to go to work
In India, China, and Japan, women
got industrial jobs
although the ... adn ... was ...
pay; treatment; poor
most of the women's salaries went
to their fathers