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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the biggest risk factor for cervical cancer?
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multiple sex partners
(then smoking, early sexual intercourse, HIV infection) |
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Lateral invasion of cervical cancer causes what problem?
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It can block ureters, leading to hydronephrosis with post-renal failure
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What are the most common organisms that cause endometritis?
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Mixed aerobic/anaerobic
Bacteroides organisms are MC |
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Retrograde menstrual flow can lead to what condition?
Symptoms? |
Endometriosis
See cyclic bleeding, "chocolate cysts," and severe menstrual-related pain |
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Post-menopausal vaginal bleeding is commonly from?
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Endometrial hyperplasia from excess estrogen
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What is the most common gynecologic malignancy? What is the worst prognositcator?
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Endometrial carcinoma
Presents with vaginal bleeding, from prolonged unopposed estrogen. Myometrial invasion = worse prognosis |
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What is the most common of all tumors in females?
Histology? |
Leiomyoma (fibroid)
Estrogen sensitive May lead to iron deficiency anemia Whorled pattern of SM bundles |
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What is the difference between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma?
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Leiomyoma = pre-menopause, benign, does not progress to leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma = post-menopause, malignant, irregular areas of necrosis, hemorrhage |
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What is similar between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma?
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Both have increased incidence in blacks.
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Lady epidemiology:
Incidence? Prognosis? |
Incidence: endo>ovarian>cervical
Prognosis: ovarian>cervical>endo |
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What hormone levels are seen in premature ovarian failure?
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Decreased estrogen.
Increased LH, FSH. |
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What is it called when there is scarring of the basalis/adhesions from an overaggressive D&C?
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Asherman's syndrome
common cause of anovulation |
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Auto-Ab against ECM1 protein
Vaginal pain, pruritis Cutaneous atrophic white macules Can lead to SCC |
Lichen sclerosis
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Hormone levels in PCOS?
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Increased LH (LH:FSH >2)
Decreased FSH Increased testosterone |
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Problematic cells in PCOS?
Why does that lead to anovulation? |
theca cell hyperplasia
Increased stimulation from high LH creates more androgens. Because FSH is low, granulosa cells can't aromatize it to estrogen. --> get anovulation from decreased estrogen |
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Clinical manifestations of PCOS?
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amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism.
insulin resistance. |
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What drug is used to preserve fertility in PCOS?
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clomiphene
estrogen receptor modulator decreases negative feedback on hypothalamus increases GnRH production |
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What cyst is associated with choriocarcinoma and moles?
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Theca-lutein cyst
(due to gonadotropin stimulation) |
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Dysgerminoma?
markers? histology? prognosis? |
hCG, LDH
Uniform, large cells with clear cytoplasm, central nuclei Good prognosis, responds to chemo |
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Choriocarcinoma?
markers? histology? prognosis? |
hCG
large, hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells poor response to chemo |
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Yolk sac tumor?
marker? histology? |
AFP
yellow, friable, solid masses. 50% have Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli) |
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Which germ cell tumors have bodies that resemble glomeruli?
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Yolk sac (endometrial sinus) tumor
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What is struma ovarii?
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a teratoma that contains functional thyroid tissue (can present as hyperthyroidism)
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Ovarian cancer marker?
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CA-125
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What is Meigs' syndrome?
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Triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax (pleural effusions)
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What are Call-Exner bodies?
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in granulosa cell tumor (secretes estrogen)
small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions |
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What is a Brenner tumor?
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Benign.
Looks like Bladder. |
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What is a Krukenberg tumor?
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GI malignancy that metastasizes to BOTH ovaries (mucin-secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma)
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What causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma?
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exposure to DES in utero
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What affects girls <4yo and has spindle-shaped tumor cells? These cells are positive for what?
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Sarcoma botryoides
Desmin positive |
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Most common breast tumor in those under 25?
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Fibroadenoma
Small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges Estrogen sensitve |
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What benign breast tumor causes a serous or blood nipple discharge?
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Intraductal papilloma
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What is the characteristic sign of a Phyllodes tumor? Is this malignant?
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Large bulky mass with "leaf-like" projections
Benign |
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What is the single most important prognostic factor for malignant breast tumors?
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Axillary lymph node involvement
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What malignant breast tumor has ductal, caseous necrosis?
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Comedocarcinoma (subtype of DCIS)
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What malignant breast cancer is the worst, most invasive, and most common?
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Invasive ductal
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What malignant breast tumor has an orderly row of cells and is E-cadherin negative?
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Invasive lobular
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What malignant breast tumor has eczematous patches on the nipple?
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Paget's disease
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Cooper's ligament infiltration of a tumor causes what?
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retraction of the skin
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What organism usually causes acute mastitis?
How does a women get it? |
S. aureus
associated with breast feeding |
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What drugs cause gynecomastia?
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Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers
Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol, Ketoconazole |
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What malignant breast tumor causes a fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate?
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Medullary
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What tumor can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma?
(it also causes precocious puberty in kids) |
Granulosa cell tumor
(granulosa cells have aromatase) |
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What causes pseudomyxoma peritonei?
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Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from metastases of the tumor |
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What tumor marker is important in the tumor that can occur after a molar or normal pregnancy and is composed of proliferation of both cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts?
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Choriocarcinoma
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What breast pathology is characterized by a cellular stroma that encircles epithelium-lined glandular and cystic spaces? What age group is this seen in?
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Fibroadenoma
Women in their 20s and 30s |
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Malignancy in post-menopausal women that presents with vaginal bleeding?
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Endometrial adenocarcinoma
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What would the endometrium of a women look like on biopsy if she had an ectopic pregnancy in her Fallopian tube?
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Decidual (gestational) changes, but with no chorionic villi
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