Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
NPY
|
stimulated appetite by acting on hypothalmus
|
|
|
MCH
|
stimulates apetite
|
|
|
THC
|
anandamide, stimulated appetite
not a real hormone in cell |
|
|
anandamide
|
stimulates hunger by binding to endocannabinoid receptor
|
|
|
Ghrelin
|
stimulates growth hormone... from stomach to hypothalmus... few hrs after eating
|
|
|
leptin
|
released by adipocyte (adipokine)
|
|
|
agouti peptide
|
blocks melanocortin receptor so cannot inhibit appetite, causes eating
|
|
|
alpha-MSH
|
recepted by MC4, stimulates satiety
|
|
|
CRH
|
stimulates anterior pituitary to realease ACTH and decrease appetite
|
|
|
CCK
|
decreases appetite after fatty/protein meal... inhibits
|
|
|
PPY(3-36)
|
similar to NPY but cleaved, so inhibits, by intestine
|
|
|
obestatin
|
secreated by stom. and LI, inhibits appetite
|
|
|
GLP-1
|
decrease appetite, secreted by intestine
|
|
|
CART
|
coc and amp regulated transport- inhibits appetite
|
|
|
insulin
|
secreted by pancreas... active in fed state... stimulates catabolic pathways
|
|
|
adipokine
|
leptin, adiponectin (increases insulin sensitivity and metabolism)
|
|
|
PPAR-gamma
|
causes increase in adipnecting, decreases resistin
|
|
|
resistin
|
causes insulin resistance in peripheral tissue
|
|
|
apple shaped
|
atheroschelorsis
|
|
|
pear shapped
|
cardiovascular
|
|
|
BMI
|
weight (kg)/m2
|
|
|
growth hormone
|
stimulates protein synth. use fats, leaner muscle... inhibits insulin
|
|
|
fasting state
|
catabolic pathways
|
|
|
glucagon
|
main catabolic hormone... active in fasted state... causes breakdown
|
|
|
jamaican vommiting disease
|
aci fruit inhibits gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
metformin
|
decreases gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis.... leads to hypoglycemia
|
|
|
cortisol
|
streas hormone for proteolysis
|
|
|
alli
|
pancreatic lipases
|
|
|
pernicious anemia
|
loss of illium or Instrinsic factor... b12 not taken up...
|
|
|
vitamin D
|
activated in liver, kidney... creates calbindin which is necessary for Ca uptake
|
|
|
ferritin
|
used to carry iron...
|
|
|
tenia coli
|
longitudial fibers for colon
|
|
|
coproliths
|
hard feces
|
|
|
gastro-colic reflex
|
will cause bowel movement
|
|
|
gastro-ileal reflex
|
chyme enters ileum, pushing contents forward
|
|
|
ileo-gastric
|
slow down in gastric emtying when food in illeum
|
|
|
parietal cells
|
release of Cl- IF (intrinsic factor)
|
|
|
B12
|
vitamin, sheilded by IF to be absorbed in terminal illeum, if loss, causes pernicious anemia
|
|
|
alcohol
|
absorbed in stomach
|
|
|
enteric coated asperin pills
|
cannot be degraded in stomach... no stomach ach
|
|
|
gastric phase
|
when food enters the stomach
|
|
|
pepsin
|
gastric phase... protein digestion
|
|
|
gastric lipase
|
breaks down fats... lipids are insoluble so bile salts are needed to emulsify (in intestine)
|
|
|
COX 1
|
enzyme that makes prostaglandin to secrete musuc
|
|
|
aspiring
|
binds to cox... blocks it... no more mucus=stomach ache
|
|
|
saliva
|
contains salivary amylase... lysozyme (for bacteria)
|
|
|
haustra
|
causes mixing of food... mass movements (large parts move)
|
|
|
paratoid gland
|
behind jar, under ear... salivary gland
|
|
|
submandibular
|
under mandibular salivary gland
|
|
|
sublingual gland
|
undertounge salivary gland
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
conronly chyme entering duodenum
|
|
|
rugae
|
foldes that increase secretion
|
|
|
gastric pits
|
found in rugae, have cells that secret
|
|
|
duodenum
|
first part of SI... many receptors... release bicarbinate from pancreas
|
|
|
spincter of oddi
|
holds the chyme and such from rest of SI
|
|
|
Jejunum
|
middle area, most absorption
|
|
|
illeum
|
last part
|
|
|
pancrease
|
endocrine and exocrine...
|
|
|
liver
|
bile and creates bilirubin (color to feces)
|
|
|
gallblader
|
concentrates bile
|
|
|
ileo-cecal sphincter
|
prevents backflow from LI
|
|
|
cecum
|
first part of colon, fluid up, across, down colon
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
serosa, connective tissue and conduit for blood... has adipocytes between GI and peritoneum
|
|
|
visceral adipocytes
|
inside abdomen, type II diabetes
|
|
|
muscularis mucosa
|
thin layer of muscle, mixing/haustra
|
|
|
submucosa
|
major blood vessels, lmph vessels, nerves... lie is submucosol plexus forming ENS
|
|
|
muscularis externa
|
3 layers... circular muscle, longitudal muscle, oblique muscle
|
|
|
sympathetic
|
inhibits GI movement, hyperpolarize membrane potential
|
|
|
parasympathetic
|
excitatory... AcH and muscarinic Ach receptors... open Na+ or Ca2+ bringing potential closes to threashold
|
|
|
Anticholinergic drugs
|
inhibits Ach from binding to Muscarinic, inhibits
|
|
|
IP3
|
cut from PIP2 and activation of GPCR... binds to ER to allow calcium to be released into cell
|
|
|
moving motor complexes
|
housekeeping... contraction about every 9 min to move shit
|
|
|
ECL cells
|
stimulate sectretion stimulated by acH and gastrin
|
|
|
Cheif cells
|
pepsin and gastric lipase
|
|
|
g-cells
|
stimulate parital and ECL by gastrin... stimulate motility
|
|
|
D cells
|
secrete somatostatin (secreted by hypothal and inhibits growth hormone) stimulated by low pH, releases somatostatin, inhibits G and parietal (less accid)
|
|
|
proton pump inhibitor
|
cause irreversable inhibition of H/K atoase in parietal cells
|
|
|
enteric sensory neurons
|
chemoreceptors activated by amino acids or peptidases from food in stomach... enteric plexus to stimulate g-cells and gastrin
|
|
|
excess acid cure
|
thought to be milk but makes it all works cause stimulate G cells... but then used antacid (nahco3)
|
|
|
h2 blocker
|
inhibit histamine to h2 receprtor on parietal cells, reduced gastric acid
|
|
|
mAchR blockers
|
block M1 receptors
|
|
|
big food
|
stomach empty
|
|
|
fats
|
slow stomach emty
|
|
|
early phase
|
lot of regulation...
|
|
|
secretin
|
early phase.. caused by lowered pH in duodenum... causes pancreatic duct cells to increase biocarbinate
|
|
|
CCK
|
causes gallbladder contraction... stimulated by chemoreceptors with fatty acids... relaxes spincter of oddi... stimulated pancreatic acinar cells
|
|
|
pancreatic acinar cells
|
secreates hydrolytic enzymes of pancrease decreases motility and stomach emptying
|
|
|
GIP
|
gastric inhibitory protein, stimulates insulin secretion... stimulated by sugars and then insulin release... target b-cells of pancrease
|
|
|
GLP
|
stimulates insulin because looks like glucagon
|
|
|
alpha cell
|
secreated glucagon
|
|
|
b-cells
|
secrete insulin
|
|
|
d-cells
|
secreate somatostatin, which inhibits G and parietal cells,
|
|
|
incretins
|
induce insulin secretion
|
|
|
acinar cells
|
secrete all hydrolytic enzymes... stored inactive... transported from ER... packed etc
|
|
|
duct cells
|
secrete bicarbonate
|
|
|
liver
|
hepatocytes secrete bile into bile vessels into bile duct
|
|
|
bile salts
|
cholesterol and aa... hydrophobic interitor... make mycele...
|
