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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anthropology
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systematic study of humankind
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that one’s own society and culture are superior to any other
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Racism
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the belief that there are distinctive biological “races” and that one can rank and categorize superior and inferior biological “races” within the human species.
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Paleoanthropology
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study of human evolution through analysis of fossils
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Human osteology
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comparative studies of the human skeleton and teeth
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Genetics
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study of the biological blueprint that dictates the inheritance of physical characteristics
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Archaeology
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seeks out and examines the artifacts of past societies, learning about the lifestyles, history and evolution of those societies
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Artifacts
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materials humans used from former societies
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Linguistic anthropology
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focuses on the relationship between language and culture and how language is used within a society
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Sociolinguistics
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focuses on how language is used to define social groups
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Ethnology
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a term that is also known as cultural anthropology, focusing on contemporary societies
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Participant observation
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learning about the culture by participating in their everyday activities
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Etic
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description of a culture by the anthropologist
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Emic
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description of a culture through the natives’ point of view
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Ethnography
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the description or analysis written up by an ethnologist of his fieldwork
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Ethnographic data
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data that is collected to make up an ethnographic report
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Holistic/Global Perspective
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looking at a culture as a whole, including biological, environmental, psychological, economic, historical, social, and cultural conditions of humans
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Race
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biological and cultural variability that exists within the human species
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Polygenicist
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antiquated thought that groups of people originated from various parts of the world. This has long since been found scientifically irrelevant.
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Typological/Subspecies model
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20th century anthropological study of race by looking at biological characteristics; typically associated with a geographic area and how the human body adapted physical features to the environment they were living in
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Statistical model
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20th century anthropological study of race by looking at physical characteristics
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Racialism
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an ideology that biological race is interrelated with cultural behavior
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“Scientific” racialism
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started during the time of Darwin; provides scientific proof for the validation of race
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Eugenics
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the science of improving the human species
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Ethnic group
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group of people who believe they share a common history, culture, or ancestry
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Enculturation
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learning the language, symbols, values, beliefs and norms of the environment you live in
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Ethnicity
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an individual’s cultural heritage and the internal belief that you belong to a group of people
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Culture
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learned shared ideas and values within a society
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Society
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a particular group of humans within a specific territory
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Symbols
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abstract ideas that are embodied within a language and culture
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Language
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set symbols that allow people to communicate with one another
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Material culture
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physical products of human society
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Nonmaterial culture
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intangible products of human society, such as language, values, beliefs and norms
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Values
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abstract standards by which members of the group should practice
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Beliefs
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assumptions of one’s place in the universe or the world around you
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Worldview
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beliefs about nature and the reality it provides in your world
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Ideology
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cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interest of a specific group
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Cultural hegemony
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ideological control by one dominant group’s beliefs and values over another group
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Norms
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shared rules or guidelines a group uses to control behavior
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Ideal culture
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how people within a culture say you should act
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Real culture
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how people within a culture really act
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Ethnic boundary markers
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markers such as language, dress and lifestyle that distinguish one ethnic group from another
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Circumstantialist model
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multicultural societies tend to describe themselves compared to others and modify and shift their behavior when interacting with different groups
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Cultural pluralism
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various ethnic groups maintaining diverse cultures within one society
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Assimilation
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one or more ethnic groups adopt the culture, values, beliefs and norms of another ethnic group
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Nationalism
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set of symbols and beliefs one has when belonging to a single political community
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Essentialism
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making generalizations about various ethnic groups, placing them in closed boundaries
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Wasp
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ethnic groups that provide the basic cultural heritage for the U.S. society
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Xenophobia
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fear of foreigners
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“Old immigration period”
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1820-1880
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“New immigration period”
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1880-1920
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Chain migrant
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an immigrant following family and friends who had aid when he or she arrived
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Padrone system
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A boss would recruit laborers, pay for the passage to the U.S. and then arrange work
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Melting pot
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all ethnic groups blend together to become one Americanized nation, forgetting past ethnic identity heritage
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Salad bowl
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each ethnic group could retain their identity and still contribute to the U.S. society
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Multiculturalism
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goes past the salad bowl/cultural pluralism concept and encourages all groups to retain their cultural heritage; emphasizes tolerance and cooperation among groups
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Boundary maintenance
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identity systems and personal affiliation with certain shared symbol
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Culture areas
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geographic areas characterized by distinctive cultural types
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Encomienda system
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gave Spanish landowners the right to the labor of the natives living on their land grant
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Pueblo Revolt of 1680
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a successful revolt of autonomous Pueblo villages who allied themselves temporarily to drive out the Spanish
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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the branch of government, established in 1834, responsible for carrying out federal programs authorized by Congress and acting as trustee for Indian lands and resources
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The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
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required all tribal lands to be surveyed and divided among its members according to a prescribed formula
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Nativistic movements
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attempted to return to a “golden age” of past culture, often through a cataclysmic event brought about by supernatural intervention
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Ghost Dance movement of 1890
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a messianic movement meant to hasten the return of the old ways and the elimination of the whites that led to the massacre at Wounded Knee
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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
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stopped the loss of Indian lands and authorized tribal organization
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Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
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permitted tribes to administer their own federal programs
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Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
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ended the practice of placing Indian children in non-Indian homes for foster care or adoption
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Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988
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permitted gaming on reservations of federally recognized tribes
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