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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anthropology
systematic study of humankind
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own society and culture are superior to any other
Racism
the belief that there are distinctive biological “races” and that one can rank and categorize superior and inferior biological “races” within the human species.
Paleoanthropology
study of human evolution through analysis of fossils
Human osteology
comparative studies of the human skeleton and teeth
Genetics
study of the biological blueprint that dictates the inheritance of physical characteristics
Archaeology
seeks out and examines the artifacts of past societies, learning about the lifestyles, history and evolution of those societies
Artifacts
materials humans used from former societies
Linguistic anthropology
focuses on the relationship between language and culture  and how language is used within a society
Sociolinguistics
focuses on how language is used to define social groups
Ethnology
a term that is also known as cultural anthropology, focusing on contemporary societies
Participant observation
learning about the culture by participating in their everyday activities
Etic
description of a culture by the anthropologist
Emic
description of a culture through the natives’ point of view
Ethnography
the description or analysis written up by an ethnologist of his fieldwork
Ethnographic data
data that is collected to make up an ethnographic report
Holistic/Global Perspective
looking at a culture as a whole, including biological, environmental, psychological, economic, historical, social, and cultural conditions of humans
Race
biological and cultural variability that exists within the human species
Polygenicist
antiquated thought that groups of people originated from various parts of the world.  This has long since been found scientifically irrelevant.
Typological/Subspecies model
20th century anthropological study of race by looking at biological characteristics; typically associated with a geographic area and how the human body adapted physical features to the environment they were living in
Statistical model
20th century anthropological study of race by looking at physical characteristics
Racialism
an ideology that biological race is interrelated with cultural behavior
“Scientific” racialism
started during the time of Darwin; provides scientific proof for the validation of race
Eugenics
the science of improving the human species
Ethnic group
group of people who believe they share a common history, culture, or ancestry
Enculturation
learning the language, symbols, values, beliefs and norms of the environment you live in
Ethnicity
an individual’s cultural heritage and the internal belief that you belong to a group of people
Culture
learned shared ideas and values within a society
Society
a particular group of humans within a specific territory
Symbols
abstract ideas that are embodied within a language and culture
Language
set symbols that allow people to communicate with one another
Material culture
physical products of human society
Nonmaterial culture
intangible products of human society, such as language, values, beliefs and norms
Values
abstract standards by which members of the group should practice
Beliefs
assumptions of one’s place in the universe or the world around you
Worldview
beliefs about nature and the reality it provides in your world
Ideology
cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interest of a specific group
Cultural hegemony
ideological control by one dominant group’s beliefs and values over another group
Norms
shared rules or guidelines a group uses to control behavior
Ideal culture
how people within a culture say you should act
Real culture
how people within a culture really act
Ethnic boundary markers
markers such as language, dress and lifestyle that distinguish one ethnic group from another
Circumstantialist model
multicultural societies tend to describe themselves compared to others and modify and shift their behavior when interacting with different groups
Cultural pluralism
various ethnic groups maintaining diverse cultures within one society
Assimilation
one or more ethnic groups adopt the culture, values, beliefs and norms of another ethnic group
Nationalism
set of symbols and beliefs one has when belonging to a single political community
Essentialism
making generalizations about various ethnic groups, placing them in closed boundaries
Wasp
ethnic groups that provide the basic cultural heritage for the U.S. society
Xenophobia
fear of foreigners
“Old immigration period”
1820-1880
“New immigration period”
1880-1920
Chain migrant
an immigrant following family and friends who had aid when he or she arrived
Padrone system
A boss would recruit laborers, pay for the passage to the U.S. and then arrange work
Melting pot
all ethnic groups blend together to become one Americanized nation, forgetting past ethnic identity heritage
Salad bowl
each ethnic group could retain their identity and still contribute to the U.S. society
Multiculturalism
goes past the salad bowl/cultural pluralism concept and encourages all groups to retain their cultural heritage; emphasizes tolerance and cooperation among groups
Boundary maintenance
identity systems and personal affiliation with certain shared symbol
Culture areas
geographic areas characterized by distinctive cultural types
Encomienda system
gave Spanish landowners the right to the labor of the natives living on their land grant
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
a successful revolt of autonomous Pueblo villages who allied themselves temporarily to drive out the Spanish
Bureau of Indian Affairs
the branch of government, established in 1834, responsible for carrying out federal programs authorized by Congress and acting as trustee for Indian lands and resources
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
required all tribal lands to be surveyed and divided among its members according to a prescribed formula
Nativistic movements
attempted to return to a “golden age” of past culture, often through a cataclysmic event brought about by supernatural intervention
Ghost Dance movement of 1890
a messianic movement meant to hasten the return of the old ways and the elimination of the whites that led to the massacre at Wounded Knee
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
stopped the loss of Indian lands and authorized tribal organization
Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
permitted tribes to administer their own federal programs
Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
ended the practice of placing Indian children in non-Indian homes for foster care or adoption
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988
permitted gaming on reservations of federally recognized tribes