Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Converts an alkane to a halogenalkane |
liquid bromine or chlorine with UV light
free radical subtitution |
|
|
Converts an alkene to an alkane
reaction type is |
hydrogen gas with a nickel catalyst at 150 degrees celcius and 5 atm
addition reaction |
|
|
Converts an alkene to an alcohol |
gaseous water with concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees and 60 atm
addition reaction |
|
|
Converts an alkene to an halogenoalkane
reaction type is |
concentrated hydrogen halide (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) at room temperature
addition reaction |
|
|
Chemical used to test for presence of a double bond. what are the color changes. |
Chlorine water goes from pale green to clear
Bromine water goes from orange/yellow to clear |
|
|
Converts an alkene to a diol ( 2 alcohol groups) |
cold dilute acidified managanate(VII) solution
purple to clear oxidation reaction |
|
|
Chemical used to break an alkene double bond and give 2 oxidation products
|
hot, concentrated acidified managanate(VII) solution
|
|
|
When breaking an alkene double bond, if the carbon is bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms what will be the product? |
carbon dioxide
|
|
|
When breaking an alkene double bond, if the carbon is bonded to one hydrogen atom and one alkyl group, what will be the product? |
a carboxylic group
|
|
|
When breaking an alkene double bond, if the carbon is bonded to 2 alkyl groups, what will be the product?
|
a ketone group
|
|
|
What is the general formula for an alkane
|
Cn H2n+2
|
|
|
Why are alkanes considered mostly nonreactive?
|
because they are non polar
|
|
|
process that will take large hydrocarbons and make them into an alkene and an alkane
|
cracking
|
|
|
Chemical added to a halogenoalkane to produce an alcohol type of reaction?
|
aqueous sodium hydroxide under reflux
nucleophilic substitution |
|
|
which halogen reacts the fastest during a nucleophilic substitution reaction? which halogen is the slowest?
|
iodine fastest, fluorine slowest
|
|
|
what chemicals can be used to determine the presence of a halogen. what are the color changes of each halide? what chemical can be used to verify the results?
|
dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. silver chloride will be white, silver bromide will be cream and silver iodide will be pale yellow. add dilute then concentrated ammonia solution to verify
|
|
|
what chemicals and conditions can a halogenoalkane be converted to a nitrile?
what type of reaction is this? |
potassium cyanide in ethanol heated under reflux
extra carbon added! substitution |
|
|
what chemicals and conditions can a halogenoalkane be converted to an amine?
what type of reaction is this? |
excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol, under pressure and heated
substitution |
|
|
what chemicals and conditions can a halogenoalkane be converted to an alkene?
what type of reaction is this? |
sodium hydroxide and ethanol
elimination reaction |
|
|
name 3 nucleophiles
|
hydroxide ion, cyanide ion and ammonia
|
|
|
the reaction with hydroxide ions will form an alcohol, what is the name of this process
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
name 4 processes halogenoalkanes are used for
|
anaesthetics, flame retardants, solvents and plastics
|
|
|
why are halogenoalkanes attacked by nucleophiles?
|
because the carbon bonded to the halogen carries a partial positive charge due to the higher electronegativity of the halogen
|
|
|
the complete combustion of an alcohol will yield what 2 products
|
water and carbon dioxide
|
|
|
what chemical would be used to convert an alcohol to a halogenoalkane and water
what type of reaction is this? |
a hydrogen halide (HCl)
substitution reaction |
|
|
alcohol and sodium yields what 2 products
|
sodium alkoxide and hydrogen
|
|
|
what is esterification
|
when a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst produces an ester and water. this is reversible
|
|
|
what products are formed when you hydrolyse an ester with sodium hydroxide?
|
a carboxylic acid and alcohol. this is not reversible
|
|
|
what chemical and conditions can convert an alcohol to an alkene and water
what type of reaction is this? |
alcohol vapor passed over a hot catalyst of aluminum oxide powder and pumice
dehydration reaction |
|
|
what is an Sn2 reaction and when is it most stable?
|
nucleophilic substitution involving 2 species. when it is used on a primary halogenoalkanes
|
|
|
what is an Sn1 reaction and when is it most stable?
|
nucleophilic substitution involving 1 species, with a carbocation formation , when it is used on a tertiary halogenoalkane
|
|
|
using what chemical analysis could you differentiate a primary or secondary alcohol from a tertiary alcohol? and what would be the noted color changes
|
dilute acidified potassium dichromate. a tertiary alcohol would show no reaction where a primary & secondary would go from orange to green
|
|
|
tetrahydridoborate would change an aldehyde and ketone to what functional groups?
|
aldehyde to primary alcohol and a ketone to a secondary alcohol
|
|
|
How can the use of 2,4 DNPH identify a specific ketone or aldehyde?
|
if they a present a deep orange ppt. will occur, filtering this out then determining the melting point will identify the compound.
|
|
|
what 2 chemicals can differentiate an aldehyde from a ketone and what color changes would be present?
|
tollens - silver mirror if aldehyde, NR for a ketone
fehlings - brick red if aldehyde, NR for ketone |
|
|
an aldehyde and ketone have what functional group present?
|
a carbonyl group
|
|
|
How can you oxidize a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
|
heat alcohol gently with acidified potassium dichromate(VII) and distilling out the aldehyde as it forms.
|
